英和和英

語源 1

From 中期英語 and 古期英語 upper case letter E and split of Æ, Ea, Eo, and Œ, from five 7th century replacements of Anglo-Saxon Futhorcs by Latin letters:

• 古期英語 letter E, from replacement by Latin letter E of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᛖ (e).
• 古期英語 letter Æ from replacement by Latin ligature Æ of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚫ (æ).
• 古期英語 digraph Ea, from replacement by Latin digraph EA of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᛠ (ea).
• 古期英語 digraph Eo from replacement by Latin digraph EO of Anglo-Saxon Futhorc ᛇ (eo).
• 古期英語 letter Œ from replacement by Latin ligature Œ of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᛟ (œ).

文字

E (upper case, lower case e, plural Es or E's)

1. The fifth letter of the English alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script.
   • 1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC:

     On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D.

数

E (upper case, lower case e, plural Es or E's)

1. The fifth numeral symbol of the English alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script.

参考

• (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

語源 2

Abbreviation.

略号

E

1. (ESRB rating) Abbreviation of everyone.
2. East.

名詞

E (plural Es)

1. (slang) The drug ecstasy (MDMA), particularly in pill form.
   • 1994 [1993], Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting, London: Minerva, →ISBN, page 156:

     Sick Boy brings oot some E. White doves; ah think. It's mental gear. Most Ecstasy hasnae any MDMA in it, it's just likesay, ken, part speed, part acid in its effects . . .

   • 1995, “Sorted For E’s and Wizz”, in Jarvis Cocker (lyrics), Different Class, performed by Pulp:

     And I don't quite understand just what this feeling is / But that's okay cause we're all sorted out for E's and wizz

   • 2002, Hugh Mackay, Winter Close, Sydney: Hodder Headline, →ISBN, page 85:

     You mentioned you were taking stuff. Did you mean ecstasy? / What else? It’s excellent. I’m not an addict or nothing, and I steer clear of crack and that. People say E is for losers but, hey, I’d never be without some eccy in my bag.

2. (chiefly LGBTQ) Abbreviation of estrogen or estradiol.

   Coordinate term: T (“testosterone”)

3. The grade below D in some grading systems. In most such systems, it is a failing grade.
   • 1999, Julian Stallabrass, High Art Lite: British Art in the 1990s, Verso, →ISBN, page 25,

     In line with this, he is marketed not only as a mental innocent, but as a class primitive, someone who only got an E in A-level art […]

   • 2003, Rick, quoted in Linda MacDowell, Redundant Masculinities?: Employment Change and White Working Class Youth, Blackwell Publishing (2003), →ISBN, page 198,

     My results weren’t that great, to be honest. I weren’t right happy with them; I got an E in Maths and that were a surprise, but I did get a B in Technology – that were all right.

   • 2005, S. J. Smith, Joe Public, Virtualbookworm Publishing, →ISBN, page 125,

     Not really, but perhaps I’d have got an ‘E’ in Tech Drawing no matter how much I’d asserted myself. Maybe Mr. Pinkerton would have seen to it that my exam paper was tampered with. A spot of teacher to student revenge.

   • 2005, Craig Taylor, Light, Reverb, →ISBN, page 103,

     But she didn’t get the bit about my accidental artistic career, “But you can’t draw love. You got an E in your exam. I remember that. You drew that onion that looked like a boil.”

4. Abbreviation of episode (“installment of a series”).

   The pilot episode is S01E01.

固有名詞

E

1. (religion) Abbreviation of Elohist.
2. (stock ticker symbol) Abbreviation of Eni.
   • 2020 August 18, Matt Egan, “It’s a bizarre time for Trump to open Alaska’s Arctic refuge up to oil drilling”, in CNN Business‎:

     Magnus said that companies such as Italy’s Eni (E) and ConocoPhillips (COP) that already operate in Alaska could be interested in drilling in ANWR.

語源 3

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鄂 (È).

別の表記

• O (Wade–Giles)

発音

• IPA: /ʌ/, enPR: ŭ
• 韻: -ʌ

固有名詞

E

1. (history) A state in ancient China of varying location in present-day Shanxi, Henan, and Hubei.
   • 2002, The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 229:

     The discovery suggests also that the center of the state of E was located in the Suizao corridor in Hubei, not far from the location of E as suggested by ancient geographical works.

   • 2006, Li Feng, Landscape and Power in Early China‎, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 330–331:

     These three bronzes, though clearly modeled on Zhou types, are quite distinctive from the Zhou tradition. They suggest that, although the state of E served as an ally and agent of the Western Zhou state, it probably had a distinctive cultural origin of its own.

   • 2014, Liu Yang, Cast for Eternity‎, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 15:

     A six-character inscription cast inside the bowl records that this gui was made for a nobleman of the E state. Due to gaps in Chinese historical records, the exact history of the state of E is uncertain. Since the E Shu Gui was salvaged from a pile of scrap copper shipped to the Shanghai Foundry from Hubei province, some scholars have inferred that the gui was excavated from Hubei, therefore proving that the E state during the Western Zhou was located in today's Hubei province.

2. (history) Its capital, also known as Echeng and Ezhou.
3. A surname from Mandarin Chinese.

関連する語

• Echeng, Eping, Ezhou

語源 4

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 誒 / 诶 (ê̄), from E ɛ⁵⁵.

発音

• IPA: /ɛ/, enPR: ĕ
• 韻: -ɛ

固有名詞

E

1. A Tai-Chinese mixed language spoken primarily in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China; Kjang E.

参考

• Wiktionary’s coverage of E terms

語源 5

Unknown.

固有名詞

E

1. A river in Highland council area, Scotland.

参考

文字

E (upper case, lower case e)

1. A letter of the Old English alphabet, written in the Latin script.

使用する際の注意点

• Modern editions of Old English texts often mark long versions of this vowel with a macron (Ē) or acute accent (É).

使用する際の注意点

• Historical Latin texts did not generally distinguish short and long vowels orthographically. In modern texts and editions of older texts, the vowels are typically written ⟨E⟩ and ⟨Ē⟩ to mark the length distinction.

参考

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, V v, X x, Y y, Z z

代名詞

'e

1. Pronunciation spelling of he

参考

• 'im

語源 2

代名詞

'e

1. Alternative spelling of 'ee.

発音

• Silent.
• (humorous) IPA: /-i/

接尾辞

-e

1. Used for archaizing.
   • 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:

     YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.

   • 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:

     Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.

   • 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:

     Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?

   • 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:

     “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”

使用する際の注意点

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

派生語

• Englishe
• olde, ye olde
• shoppe

参考

• -eth

語源 1

From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

接尾辞

-e

1. forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly

   ‎beorht (“bright, clear”) + ‎-e → ‎beorhte (“brightly, clearly”)

別の表記

• -a, -æ — Northumbrian

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: -e (no longer productive)

語源 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz, but also partly merged with *-jaz and athematic *-iz (compare Proto-Norse -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)). Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

接尾辞

-e

1. forms adjectives from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)

   ‎ān (“one”) + ‎willa (“will”) + ‎-e → ‎ānwille (“stubborn”)

   ‎fela (“many”) + ‎word (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎felawyrde (“long-winded”)

   ‎fīf (“five”) + ‎flōr (“floor”) + ‎-e → ‎fīfflēre (“five-story”)

   ‎fiþer- (“four”) + ‎sċēat (“corner”) + ‎-e → ‎fiþersċīte (“square”)

   ‎forþ (“forward”) + ‎gang (“going”) + ‎-e → ‎forþgenġe (“progressive”)

   ‎īdel (“empty”) + ‎hand (“hand”) + ‎-e → ‎īdelhende (“empty-handed”)

   ‎lang (“long”) + ‎līf (“life”) + ‎-e → ‎langlīfe (“long-lived”)

   ‎ofer- (“over-”) + ‎ǣt (“eating”) + ‎-e → ‎oferǣte (“gluttonous”)

   ‎or- (“out of”) + ‎blōd (“blood”) + ‎-e → ‎orblēde (“bled out”)

   ‎sċeolh (“crooked”) + ‎ēage (“eye”) + ‎-e → ‎sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)

   ‎sīd (“hanging down”) + ‎feax (“hair on the head”) + ‎-e → ‎sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)

   ‎twelf (“twelve”) + ‎winter (“year”) + ‎-e → ‎twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎eċġ (“edge”) + ‎-e → ‎twieċġe (“double-edged”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎fōt (“foot”) + ‎-e → ‎twifēte (“bipedal”)

   ‎un- (“un-”) + ‎ċēap (“cost”) + ‎-e → ‎unċīepe (“free”)

語形変化

別の表記

• -i — Early Anglian

参考

• Old English terms suffixed with -e (adjectival)

  -blede

  -fete

  feþere

  flede

  -flere

  gefeaxe

  -hende

  -hynde

  -iege

  -life

  mandæde

  -menne

  micelæte

  -nihte

  ofhende

  -siene

  -strenge

  twiecge

  twiecgede

  twiræde

  tynge

  -wille

  -wintre

語源 3

Likely borrowed from the subjunctive singular Proto-West Germanic *-ē after high vowel apocope resulted in the loss of inherited Proto-West Germanic *-u in heavy stem verbs, and then analogically extended to light stem verbs.

接尾辞

-e

1. Used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs

   ‎drīfan (“to drive”) + ‎-e → ‎drīfe (“I drive”)

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-e → ‎fremme (“I perform”)

別の表記

• -u, -o — Anglian, Kentish

語源 4

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ē, from Proto-Germanic *-ai (a-stem), *-ōi (ō-stem), from the Proto-Indo-European dative singular ending *-ey or locative singular ending *-i as attached to eh₂-stem and o-stem nouns.

別の表記

• -æ — early

接尾辞

-e

1. Marks the dative singular of a-stem and ō-stem nouns

   ‎sċip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎tō þām sċipe (“to the ship”)

派生した語

• Middle English: -e

語源 5

A combination of multiple sources:

• In the accusative singular, from Proto-West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *-ā́m, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) +‎ *-m (accusative singular suffix).
• In the genitive singular, from Proto-West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) +‎ *-s (genitive singular suffix).
• In the accusative plural, from Proto-West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂m̥s, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) +‎ *-ms (accusative plural suffix).

This suffix was extended to the nominative plural (replacing -a < Proto-West Germanic *-ō) in 古期英語 itself.

別の表記

• -æ — early

接尾辞

-e

1. Marks the accusative and genitive and the nominative and accusative plural of ō-stem feminine nouns

   ‎talu (“tale”) + ‎-e → ‎tale (“tale, tales”)

使用する際の注意点

• The names for several peoples are formed this way, such as Dene (“Danes”) and Ēste (“Estonians”).

語源 6

接尾辞

-e

1. Marks the nominative singular of feminine n-stem nouns

   docce (“dock”)

   berġe (“berry”)

2. Forms feminine agent nouns, often as a counterpart to masculine agent nouns in -a

   hlǣfdīġe

   bread-kneader, lady

   ‎ġebedda (“husband, male consort”) + ‎-e → ‎ġebedde (“wife, female consort”)

3. Forms nouns referring to female people from nouns referring to male people

   ‎cyning (“king”) + ‎-e → ‎cyninge (“queen”)

語形変化

Weak n-stem:

参考

• Old English terms suffixed with -e (feminine)

  asse

  catte

  cyninge

  esole

  -estre

  gebedde

  halge

  -icge

  locbore

  ræge

  webbe

  wilige

  wyrhte

語源 7

Likely derived from the weakening of the plural subjunctive ending -en.

接尾辞

-e

1. (used with postpositioned "ġē") Second person plural imperative ending of strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and class 3 weak verbs.

   Ġebīde ġē on beorge!

   Tarry ye on the mountain!

関連する語

• -ie

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)/

接尾辞

-e

1. Forms the plural and weak singular of adjectives.
2. (Early Middle English, uncommon) Forms the strong dative singular of adjectives.
3. (Early Middle English, rare) Forms the strong accusative singular of adjectives.

使用する際の注意点

• This suffix is mostly only added to monosyllabic adjectives, though especially in Early Middle English, it is often also found with disyllabic adjectives which either end in /əl/, /əm/, /ən/, /ər/, end in /iː/ and have a short root syllable, or which are stressed on the final syllable; in the first case, the /ə/ of the root's second syllable is dropped when the suffix is added. Conversely, its use tends to be abandoned even after monosyllabic adjectives in later Middle English due to the gradual disappearance of final /ə/; it is never found in Northern Middle English, where final /ə/ has been lost even in the first literary records.
• In varieties of early Middle English which preserve grammatical gender, this suffix is sometimes restricted to either masculine or neuter adjectives as a strong dative singular (Old English -um > -an) and to feminine adjectives when used as a strong accusative singular (Old English -e), though it is often lost here due to the effacement of the distinction between nominative and accusative cases in nouns.
• Like the plural suffix -es, this suffix tends to induce stem alternations.

派生語

参照

• “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 77, page 217.
• Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, § 50, pages 179-181.
• Mossé, Fernand (1952), “VII. Adjectives and Numerals”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English‎, I. Grammar: Part Two. The Forms, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 74, page 64.
• Sandved, Arthur (1985), “10. Inflection”, in Introduction to Chaucerian English (Chaucer Studies; 11), Part II: Morphology, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 51.

語源 2

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

発音

• IPA: /-eː/, /-æi̯/

接尾辞

-e (no longer productive)

1. Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
2. Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
   1. Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.
   2. Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.
   3. Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.

      ‎fige (“fig”) + ‎-e → ‎figee (“fig pudding”)

派生語

派生した語

• English: -ee, -y
• Scots: -ee, -y

語源 3

From 古期英語 -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô, from Proto-Indo-European *-ō.

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)/

接尾辞

-e

1. (no longer productive) Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.

派生語

参照

• “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 June 2018.

語源 4

From 古期英語 -e, from Proto-West Germanic *-ē, from Proto-Germanic *-ê.

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)/

接尾辞

-e

1. (no longer productive) Forms adverbs from adjectives.

   ‎strong (“strong”) + ‎-e → ‎stronge (“strongly”)

使用する際の注意点

• In Middle English, new adverbs are usually formed from adjectives through either zero-derivation or the suffix -ly/-liche.

派生語

参照

• “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 5

From 古期英語 -e, from Proto-West Germanic *-ē, from Proto-Germanic *-ai (a-stem), *-ōi (ō-stem), from the Proto-Indo-European dative singular ending *-ey or locative singular ending *-i as attached to thematic (eh₂-stem and o-stem) nouns.

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)/

接尾辞

-e

1. Forms the dative singular of nouns

使用する際の注意点

• Rather than being a true dative (i.e. a case marking the indirect object), the Middle English dative usually marks the object of a preposition.
• The dative singular ending is never compulsory in Middle English and is progressively given up over the course of the period; becoming mostly restricted to fixed phrases after the Early Middle English period. At all stages, its optionality allows it to strategically deployed in poetry to meet metrical requirements. As with the adjectival suffix -e, the absence of final /ə/ in Northern Middle English means it is not found there.

参照

• “-e, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• Allen, Cynthia (13 November 2008), “4. Genitive case in Middle English”, in Genitives in Early English: Typology and Evidence, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.2.1, page 130.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 60, page 205.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Cases”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pages 94-95; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.

語源 6

From 古期英語 -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂, from the Proto-Indo-European genitive plural ending *-oHom as attached to thematic (eh₂-stem and o-stem) nouns.

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)/

接尾辞

-e

1. (especially Early Middle English) Forms the genitive plural of nouns.

   Synonyms: -ene (somewhat more common), -es (usual)

使用する際の注意点

• This ending is mostly found before 1350 and restricted to nouns which had its etymon -a in Old English, especially if they are semantically inanimate; during the Middle English period, -ene and especially -es spread at its expense.

参照

語源 7

接尾辞

-e

1. alternative form of -y

語源 8

接尾辞

-e

1. alternative form of -yf

語源 9

接尾辞

-e

1. alternative form of -ie

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈeː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛː]

接尾辞

-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

1. -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.

   Synonyms: -iter, -ō, -ter

   ‎clārus (“famous; clear”) + ‎-ē → ‎clārē (“famously; clearly”)

   ‎pulcher (“beautiful”) + ‎-ē → ‎pulchrē (“beautifully”)

使用する際の注意点

• Usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.

派生語

派生した語

• → Esperanto: -e

語源 2

A regularly declined form of -us.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛː]

接尾辞

-e

1. vocative masculine singular of -us

語源 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

接尾辞

-e

1. ablative singular of -s

接中辞

-e-

1. (pharmacology) a monoclonal antibody derived from a hamster source

関連する語

• -mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies. (See that entry for full paradigm.)

参照

• USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, U.S. Pharmacopeia, 2000

形容詞

e. (not comparable)

1. Abbreviation of eastern.