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語源

From Middle French parasite, from Latin parasitus, from Ancient Greek παράσιτος (parásitos, “person who eats at the table of another”), from noun use of adjective meaning "feeding beside", from παρά (pará, “beside”) + σῖτος (sîtos, “food”).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/, /ˈpɛɹəˌsaɪt/
• ハイフネーション: par‧a‧site
• 韻: -aɪt

名詞

parasite (plural parasites)

1. (biology) An organism that lives on or in another organism of a different species, deriving benefit from living on or in that other organism, while not contributing towards that other organism sufficiently to cover the cost to that other organism.

   Lice, fleas, ticks, and mites are widely spread parasites.

   • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 154:

     ...and the mistletoe crept round many of the oaks—that pleasant parasite, whose associations belong rather to the hearth and lighted hall than to its native branches.

   • 2013 March, Harold J. Morowitz, “The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist‎, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 4 January 2017, page 83:

     It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

   1. (informal, specifically) An internal parasite that is an animal or protist.
      • 1987 December 27, Charley Shively, “AIDS In The Mind Of The Left And The Mainstream”, in Gay Community News, volume 15, number 24, page 9:

        He lacks, however, even the basic Dr. Kildare lingo about medical issues. For instance, he regularly misidentifies poppers as amyl nitrate, instead of amyl nitrite — two forms of heart medicine with different affects . Salmonella, a bacteria, is not usually classified as a parasite. And he mistakenly writes, "lenti means slow" in the lentiviruses. ("Lenti" means lens-shaped, biologists classify by structure, not by behavior.)

      • 2008 July 14, Dark Realm Studios, Pandemic II, Web:

        Select a disease class
        Virus: Fastest evolution, Most affected by environment, Bonus to infectivity
        Bacteria: Medium evolution, Normally affected by environment, Bonus to drug resistance
        Parasite: Slowest evolution, Least affected by environment, Low visibility

      • 2020 November 20, Adam Ragusea, 1:13 from the start, in Why People Wash Meat (or Don't)‎:

        Any germs or parasites on the surface of the meat that you could conceivably wash off are gonna die as soon as you cook it, so don't bother washing it.

2. (derogatory) A person who lives on other people's efforts or expense and gives little or nothing back. [from 16th c.]

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:scrounger

   • 2021 December 1, monamu98, “Thai and Korean netizens oppose debut of H1-Key's Sitala over father's alleged support of dictatorship”, in sportskeeda.com‎, sportskeeda, retrieved 3 December 2021:

     A royalist who publicly called for a military intervention to protect the parasite monarchy.

   • 1902, Hilaire Belloc, The Path to Rome:

     Of all the corrupting effects of wealth there is none worse than this, that it makes the wealthy (and their parasites) think in some way divine, or at least a lovely character of the mind, what is in truth nothing but their power of luxurious living.

3. (derogatory) A sycophant or hanger-on.
4. (literary, poetic) A climbing plant which is supported by a wall, trellis etc. [from 19th c.]
   • 1813, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Canto I”, in Queen Mab; […], London: […] P. B. Shelley, […], →OCLC, page 3:

     Her golden tresses shade / The bosom's stainless pride, / Curling like tendrils of the parasite / Around a marble column.

5. (historical) A retainer or companion of an ancient Celtic warrior, who praised him in song or poetry at gatherings; a bard.
6. (aviation) A component of a composite aircraft which is carried aloft and air-launched by a larger carrier aircraft or mother ship to support the primary mission of the carrier; a parasite aircraft.
   • 2019 January 24, Michael E. Brown, Flying Blind: The Politics of the U.S. Strategic Bomber Program, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 170:

     […] parasiting and aerial refueling as range-extension measures. Second, parasiting would be exorbitantly expensive, because each parasite bomber would need its own carrier. Two bombers could be serviced by a single tanker, however, […]

7. (retail, used attributively) An isolated (FSDU) (freestanding display unit )

   parasite display

   parasite stand

   parasite unit

反意語

• commensal (doing no noticeable harm)
• mutualist or sometimes symbiote (beneficial)

派生語

関連する語

Collocations

参考

• facultative
• obligate
• symbiont

動詞

parasite (third-person singular simple present parasites, present participle parasiting, simple past and past participle parasited)

1. (rare) To parasitize.
   • 1921, Margaret J. Hamilton, Mental Hygiene and the Parasite, page 19:

     ... parasiting upon her husband, taking everything and giving nothing in return, this woman had brought her husband to a condition of serious ill health because of his grief, anxiety, and despair over her failure.

   • 1961, The Smuts of the Genus Cintractia Parasiting Kobresia Species:
   • 1997, Erik Sterud, Flagellates of the Genus Spironucleus Lavier, 1936 (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) Parasiting Farmed and Feral Fish in Norway, →ISBN:
   • 2021 June 8, Macs Smith, Paris and the Parasite: Noise, Health, and Politics in the Media City, MIT Press, →ISBN:

     ... parasiting Google, but as is the case with Microsoft's street art advertisements, the relationship is not a stable one. Using a Google map platform to track his work means sharing his location data with the corporation.

参照

• Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “parasite”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

アナグラム

• aspirate, pastiera, septaria