schapenとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Inherited from 古期英語 sċieppan, sċeppan, from Proto-West Germanic *skappjan, from Proto-Germanic *skapjaną.

In 中期英語, the present stem is often adjusted on the model of the past participle schapen (古期英語 ġesċapen) and other class 6 strong verbs; otherwise, the present stem usually shows the local reflex of /y/. This is easily explained as showing the Late West Saxon development of earlier /i͜y/ in Southern 中期英語, but elsewhere it likely represents the raising and rounding of /e/ under the influence of the surrounding /ʃ/ and /p/; the same development apparently occured in -schipe, schippend, and schyppestere, variant of schapestere.

発音

• IPA: /ˈʃaːpən/
• IPA: /ˈʃipən/, /ˈʃupən/ (especially Southern)
• IPA: /ˈʃɛpə/ (Kent)

動詞

schapen (third-person singular simple present schapeth, present participle schapynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schop, past participle schapen)

1. (transitive) To create or devise; to bring into existence:

   Synonyms: formen, worchen

   1. To shape; to create in a particular shape or style.
      • 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 59, verso:

        Crıſt was a maẏde / and shapen as a man / And many a Seẏnt sıth / that the woꝛld bıgan / ẏet lẏued theẏ euere / ın ꝑfıt Chaſtıtee

        Christ was a virgin and shaped like a man, / like many saints since when the world began, / but they always lived in perfect chastity.

   2. To depict or portray (an object)
   3. To name or call; to give a name.
   4. To produce sounds or a written work.
2. (transitive, catenative) To cause or bring about; to put into effect:
   1. To arrange or establish (a condition or institution)
   2. To arrange or ensure (so that something happens)
   3. To destine or ordain (that something will happen)
   4. (impersonal) To happen or occur; to take place.
3. (transitive) To convert or change; to make into another thing.
   1. To direct or guide; to design around oneself.
      • 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

        Toward Saluces / shapẏng hır ıourneẏ / ffro daẏ to daẏ / they rẏden ın hır weẏ […]

        Directing their journey towards Saluzzo, / From day to day they ride along their way […]

   2. (rare, ambitransitive) To put on clothes.
      • c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “[Prologue]”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 1, recto; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:

        IN a somer seſon. whan softe was þe sonne. / I shoop me ın to shroudes. as I a sheep weere.

        During the summertime, when the sun was soft, / I put myself in clothes so I was like a sheep.

4. (ambitransitive) To travel or journey (somewhere):
   1. (reflexive) To take oneself; to go and do.

使用する際の注意点

• A strong class 7 first- and third-person singular past indicative schep is occasionally found.

Conjugation

関連する語

派生した語

• English: shape
• Middle Scots: schaip, schape
  • Scots: shape

参照

• “shāpen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Etymological Appendix”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, page 164.
• Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “IV. Phonology”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, page 119.
• Rettger, James Frederick (1934), “The Development of Ablaut in the Strong Verbs of the East Midland Dialects of Middle English”, in Language (Language Dissertations; 16)‎, volume 10, number 4, Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, part 2 (Special and Irregular Verbs), chapter 6 (Verbs of Class VI), page 154.