worchenとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

<ul class="etymonid" data-lang="enm" data-title="worchen" data-ety-tree-json="{ " children : [ { terms id to make, ], status ok, lang_name proto-indo-european, term *werǵ-, lang ine-pro }, intransitive verbs, *-yéti, } keyword_label from, is_group true, keyword affix *wr̥ǵyéti, [[appendix:glossary#inherited|inherited]] inherited proto-germanic, *wurkijaną, gem-pro proto-west germanic, *wurkijan, gmw-pro work, is_duplicate 1 ine-pro, pos root nominalizing suffix, redlink, *-om, *wérǵom, *werką, denominative, suffix *-janą, *wirkijaną, gem-pro, 2 :inh, 3 ine-pro:*wérǵom ", "id" : "work" }, "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*werką", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "[[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*werk", "lang" : "gmw-pro" }, { "id" : "denominative", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "is_duplicate" : true, "id" : "denominative", "children" : [ ], "status" : { "1" : "gem-pro", "2" : ":inh", "3" : "ine-pro:*-yéti ", "id" : "denominative" }, "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-janą", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "[[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*-jan", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "By [[Appendix:Glossary#surface_analysis|surface analysis]],", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix", "is_invisible" : "tree" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*wirkijan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "[[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "古期英語", "term" : "wyrċan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "[[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "中期英語", "term" : "worchen", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "enm" }">

Inherited from 古期英語 wyrċan, from a combination of Proto-West Germanic *wurkijan (from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti) and Proto-West Germanic *wirkijan (from Proto-Germanic *wirkijaną); roughly equivalent to werk (“action, labour”) +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

Forms with /ɛ/ reflect both the East Anglian, East Saxon, and Kentish development of 古期英語 /y/ and influence from the noun werk (also evident in forms with /k/, though these could be generalised from the 古期英語 singular present indicative forms wyrcst, wyrcþ).

発音

• IPA: /ˈwurt͡ʃən/ (mainly Southern, South Midland), /ˈwirt͡ʃən/ (mainly South Midland)
• IPA: /ˈwɛrt͡ʃən/, /ˈwɛrkən/ (especially East Anglia, East Saxon, Kent)
• IPA: /wirk/ (mainly Northern, Northeast Midland)

動詞

worchen (third-person singular simple present worcheth, present participle worchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative wroghte, past participle wroght)

1. To perform or accomplish: to carry out:
   1. To cause or bring about; to put into effect.
      • c. 1370, [William Langland], “[Passus 1]”, in Petrus plowmon (V, A-text), Worcestershire, published c. 1390, folio 395, verso, column 1; republished as Bodleian Library MS. Eng. poet. a. 1, Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:

        ¶ Bote Lucıfer louweſt. liȝþ of hem alle. / ffoꝛ pꝛuide þ he put out. his peyne haþ non ende. / And alle þ wrong woꝛchen. wende þei schulen / After heoꝛe deþ day. and dwellen w þat schrewe.

        And Lucifer lies the lowest of all of them, / due to the pride he displayed, his pain is unending; / and anyone who commits wrongdoing will go / after their dying day and dwell with that devil.

   2. To practice or maintain; to perform habitually.
      • c. 1370, [William Langland], “[Passus 1]”, in Petrus plowmon (V, A-text), Worcestershire, published c. 1390, folio 395, verso, column 1; republished as Bodleian Library MS. Eng. poet. a. 1, Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:

        ¶ Ac heo þat woꝛchen þ woꝛd. þat holi writ techeþ. / And endeþ as Ich er ſeide. in ꝓfitable werkes. / Mouwen be siker þat heoꝛe ſoules. ſchullẽ to heuene.

        But those who practice the precepts that Holy Scripture teaches / and finish [life] with praiseworthy deeds / can be certain that their souls will [ascend] to Heaven.

2. To create or generate; to bring into existence:
   1. To produce; to create a product, preparation, or work.
   2. To build or erect; to create a structure.
   3. (passive voice) To adorn, depict, or inscribe.
   4. (rare) To institute or form (an institution)
3. To act or behave (in a certain way):
   1. To affect or influence; to act upon.
   2. To operate; to be efficacious or effective.
4. To toil or labour (usually physically):
   1. To work in a craft, discipline, or occupation.
   2. To work on (a structure or excavation)
   3. To work with; to manipulate or process.
   4. (uncommon) To have sex; to copulate.
   5. (uncommon) To calculate; to perform arithmetic.
5. To convert or change; to make into another thing.
6. (rare) To harass or afflict; to cause trouble to.
7. (rare) To utilise or employ; to put into use.

Conjugation

派生した語

• English: work
  • Sranan Tongo: wroko
    • Aukan: woóko
    • Saramaccan: woóko
    • → Kari'na: woroko
    • → Trió: oroko, joroko
  • → Cantonese: work (adjective)
• Middle Scots: wirk
  • Scots: wirk, wark, work
• Yola: woorkt (preterite)

参照

• “werken, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎, Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.