O.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Originally a special use of the interjection O or oh appended to street cries and nautical calls to project a hail or shout (as in milk-oh, smoke-oh, and sail-ho). Its later use as a colloquializing noun suffix, particularly prominent in Australian English, developed from the substantivation of these cries (e.g., smoko), reinforced by early nautical adaptations of Mediterranean Lingua Franca or pseudo‐Spanish words (such as guardo). As noted by the Australian National Dictionary, this vocative “hailing” origin naturally led to its frequent attachment to personal names to form nicknames (e.g., John‐o, Jacko).

Some senses may also derive from o (“one”), from 中期英語 o, oo, a variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.

別の表記

• -oh

接尾辞

-o (noun-forming suffix, plural -os or -oes)
-o (adjective-forming suffix, comparative more -o, superlative most -o)

1. (historical) A vocative or exclamative particle appended to street cries, nautical calls, or names to project a hail or shout.

   ‎smoke + ‎-o → ‎smoko

   ‎milk + ‎-o → ‎milko

2. A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.

   ‎kid + ‎-o → ‎kiddo

   ‎sick + ‎-o → ‎sicko

   ‎ugly + ‎-o → ‎uggo

   • 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:

     Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here’s a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi‐jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’

使用する際の注意点

Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino. However, unlike -y, the -o suffix typically lacks a diminutive connotation, conveying instead a robust, rowdy, or familiar tone owing to its origins as a shouted hail.

派生語

参考

• -ie, -y

語源 2

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

接尾辞

-o

1. (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.

   no problemo

派生語

• problemo
• stinko
• enduro

語源 3

Rebracketing of typo.

接尾辞

-o (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)

1. Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.

派生語

派生語

接尾辞

-o

1. (Anglian, Kentish) alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
2. alternative form of -u

語源 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-ō, *-on-, perhaps (controversially) merged with "Hoffmann's suffix" *-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂-; in Latin, the vowel length of nominative ō was made common to all cases. Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f. Non-abstract nouns ending in the suffix -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

別の表記

• -iō m

接尾辞

-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
   1. forms nouns, often colloquial or pejorative, designating a type of person.

      ‎cōci- + ‎-ō → ‎cōciō m (“broker”)

      ‎centuria (“century”) + ‎-ō → ‎centuriō m (“centurion”)

      1. attached to verb stems, forms agent nouns

         Synonyms: -a¹, -tor

         ‎combibere (“to drink together”) + ‎-ō → ‎combibō m (“drinking buddy”)

         ‎vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) + ‎-ō → ‎vāpulō m (“who gets frequently flogged”)

         ‎errāre (“to wander, roam”) + ‎-ō → ‎errō m (“wanderer, vagabond”)

      2. attached to noun stems, forms nicknames meaning "one who has a prominent (or overly large)"

         ‎caput (“head”) + ‎-ō → ‎capitō m (“one who has a (too) large head”)

      3. attached to noun stems, forms nouns meaning "dealer in" or "worker in"

         Synonym: -ārius

         ‎linteum (“linen”) + ‎-ō → ‎linteō m (“one who deals in or works with linen”)

         ‎restis (“rope”) + ‎-ō → ‎restiō m (“one who makes or sells rope”)

   2. also forms names, especially cognomina.

      ‎aquila (“eagle”) + ‎-ō → ‎Aquilō (“the North wind”)

      ‎incubāre (“to lie on top”) + ‎-ō → ‎Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)

      ‎cūria (“curia”) + ‎-ō → ‎Cūriō

      ‎cicer (“chickpea”) + ‎-ō → ‎Cicerō

      ‎vārus (“bow-legged”) + ‎-ō → ‎Varrō

      ‎catus (“clever, shrewd”) + ‎-ō → ‎Catō

      ‎conger (“sea-eel”) + ‎-ō → ‎Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)

   3. (Late Latin) also added as an ending to some inanimate nouns.

      ‎cōleus (“testicle”) + ‎-ō → ‎cōleō m (“testicle”)

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

派生した語

• Franco-Provençal: -on
• French: -on
  • → English: -oon
• Italian: -one
• Portuguese: -ão
• Romanian: -oi, -oni
• Sicilian: -uni, -una
• Spanish: -ón

参照

• “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

語源 2

From a Proto-Indo-European n-stem suffix (or suffixes), as in Etymology 1, but without leveling of the vowel length alternations from ablaut. The ending -ō, -inis, with short -i- in the oblique stem because of ablaut, is not a productive suffix by itself in historical Latin. However, it appears as the final component of various productive feminine noun suffixes: -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f (e.g. dulcēdō, dulcēdinis f). There are also a handful of nouns where -ō, -inis is directly attached to a verbal root. Finally, -ō, -inis appears as an ending in some nouns, masculine and feminine, that effectively function as simple, underived words in Latin: e.g. margō, marginis m or f; virgō, virginis f; cardō, cardinis m. It is usually preceded by either the consonant -d- or -g-.

接尾辞

-ō f or m (genitive -inis); third declension

1. (rare, unproductive) Used as an ending of a few nouns derived from verbs

   ‎prōpāgō (“to propagate”) + ‎-ō, -inis → ‎prōpāgō, prōpāginis f (“offspring”)

   ‎compingō (“to attach, bind”) + ‎-ō, -inis → ‎compāgō, compāginis f (“fastening”)

   ‎aspergō (“to scatter, sprinkle, strew”) + ‎-ō, -inis → ‎aspergō, asperginis f (“a sprinkling, besprinkling”)

   ‎offendō (“to hit; commit an offence”) + ‎-ō, -inis → ‎offendō, offendinis f (“an offence”)

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

語源 3

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

接尾辞

-ō (superlative -issimē or -issimō)

1. forms adverbs

   prīmus + -ō → prīmō

   tūtus + -ō → tūtō

派生語

参照

• “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

語源 4

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).

Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically:

• Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
• In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).

接尾辞

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

1. suffixed to nouns or adjectives. Originally a-stem nouns. Later extended to nouns with other stems. Forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   ‎cūra + ‎-ō → ‎cūrō

   ‎dōnum + ‎-ō → ‎dōnō

   ‎laus (oblique stem in laud-) + ‎-ō → ‎laudō

   ‎multa + ‎-ō → ‎multō

   ‎nūndinae + ‎-or → ‎nūndinor (deponent)

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

派生語

派生した語

(from infinitive -āre:)

参照

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

語源 5

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.

接尾辞

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

1. suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

   prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

派生語

参照

語源 6

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:

1. Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquō < *pékʷeti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti)
2. Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti)

別の表記

• -iō

接尾辞

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -tum); third conjugation

1. (unproductive) ending of most third conjugation verbs

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

語源 7

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey. Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.

接尾辞

-ō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

語源 8

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

接尾辞

-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia

   ‎Aplis m + ‎-o → ‎Aplo f

   ‎Baezus m + ‎-o → ‎Baezo f

   ‎Dasant- m + ‎-o → ‎Dasto f

   ‎Ditus m + ‎-o → ‎Dito f

   ‎Paius m + ‎-o → ‎Paio f

   ‎Vendes m + ‎-o → ‎Vendo f

参照

• Katičić, Radoslav (1976), Ancient Languages of the Balkans, page 180

参考

• Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o

語源 1

Adopted from Latin -o-, originating ultimately from Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-). In English, the connective is found from the 中期英語 period in direct borrowings from Latin. Direct formations of English terms with the connective, always combining Greek or Latin roots, appear from the 16th or 17th century. From the 18th century, the suffix becomes productive in compounds where the second element is English. From about 1800, formations on all sorts of stems become common.

接合辞

-o-

1. A linking vowel inserted interconsonantally between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning. It frequently joins words or combining forms of Ancient Greek or Classical Latin origin in the classical compounds of New Latin and international scientific vocabulary, but it can also be used to join modern terms and even abbreviations, either formally or informally.

   extreme + -o- + -phile producing extremophile

   blog + -o- + -sphere producing blogosphere

   speed + -o- + meter producing speedometer

   sadism + -o- + masochism producing sadomasochism

   smell + -o- + vision producing smell-o-vision

派生語