Lordとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English lord and lorde (attested from the 15th century), from earlier (14th century) lourde and other variants which dropped the intervocalic consonant of earlier lowerd, louerd, loverd, laford, and lhoaverd; from 古期英語 hlāford < hlāfweard, a compound of hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“guardian”); see loaf and ward. The term was already being applied broadly prior to the literary development of 古期英語 and was influenced by its common use to translate Latin dominus. Compare Scots laird (“lord”), preserving a separate vowel development (from northern/Scottish Middle English lard, laverd), the 古期英語 compound hlāf-ǣta (“servant”, literally “bread-eater”), and modern English lady, from 古期英語 hlǣfdīġe (“bread-kneader”).^[1] The Middle English word laford was borrowed by Icelandic, where it survives as lávarður.

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /lɔːd/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /lɔɹd/
• Homophone: lored (in accents with the horse-hoarse merger)
• Homophone: laud (in non-rhotic accents)
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)d

名詞

lord (複数形 lords)

1. (obsolete) The master of the servants of a household; (historical) the master of a feudal manor
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Matthew 24:46:

     Bleſſed is that ſeruant, whome his Lord when he commeth, ſhal finde ſo doing.

   • c. 1596–1598, William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene ii], line 167:

     Por. ...But now, I was the Lord
     of this faire manſion, maiſter of my ſeruants,
     Queene oer my ſelfe […]

   • 1766, William Blackstone, chapter 418, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford: […] Clarendon Press, OCLC 65350522:

     Lords of manors are distinguished from other land-owners with regard to the game.

   1. (archaic) The male head of a household, a father or husband.
      • 831, charter in Henry Sweet, The oldest English texts, 445

        Ymbe ðet lond et cert ðe hire eðelmod hire hlabard salde.

      • 1594, William Shakespeare, Lvcrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], OCLC 236076664:

        […] thou worthie Lord,
        Of that vnworthie wife that greeteth thee

      • c. 1590–1592, William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene ii], line 131:

        Pet. Katherine, I charge thee, tell theſe head-ſtrong women,
        What dutie they doe owe their Lords and huſbands!

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Genesis 18:12:

        Therefore Sarah laughed within her ſelfe, ſaying, After I am waxed old, ſhall I haue pleaſure, my lord being old alſo?

      • 1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter XVI, in Emma: […], volume III, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, OCLC 1708336, page 300:

        Yes, here I am, my good friend; and here I have been so long, that anywhere else I should think it necessary to apologise; but, the truth is, that I am waiting for my lord and master.

   2. (archaic) The owner of a house, piece of land, or other possession
      • ante 1300, Cursor Mundi, 601 f.

        Als oure lauerd has heuen in hand

        Sua suld man be lauerd of land.

      • 1480, Waterford Archives in the 10th Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1885), App. v. 316

        All suche lordes as have gutters betuxte thar houses.

      • ante 1637, Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. i. 36

        A mightie Lord of Swine!

      • 1697, “The Twelfth Book of the Æneis”, in Virgil; John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 403869432:

        Turnus […]
        Wrench'd from his feeble hold the shining Sword;
        And plung'd it in the Bosom of its Lord.

      • 1874, J. H. Collins, Principles of Metal Mining (1875), Gloss. 139/2

        Lord, the owner of the land in which a mine is situated is called the ‘lord’.

2. One possessing similar mastery over others; (historical) any feudal superior generally; any nobleman or aristocrat; any chief, prince, or sovereign ruler; in Scotland, a male member of the lowest rank of nobility (the equivalent rank in England is baron)
   • c. 893, Orosius's History, i. i. §13

     Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt...

   • 1530, John Palsgrave, Lesclarcissement, 680/1

     It is a pytuouse case... whan subjectes rebell agaynst their naturall lorde.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book XII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     Man over men He made not Lord.

   1. (historical) A feudal tenant holding his manor directly of the king
   2. A peer of the realm, particularly a temporal one
      • ante 1420, T. Hoccleve, De Regimine Principum, 442

        Men myghten lordis knowe

        By there arraye, from oþir folke.

      • 1453, Rolls of Parliament, V. 266/2

        If such persone bee of the estate of a Lord, as Duc, Marques, Erle, Viscount or Baron.

      • 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene 1], line 18:

        Princes, and noble Lords:
        What anſwer ſhall I make to this baſe man?

      • 1614, J. Selden, Titles of Honor, 59

        Our English name Lord, whereby we and the Scots stile all such as are of the Greater Nobilitie i. Barons, as also Bishops.

      • 1900 July 21, Daily Express:

        The Englishman of to-day still dearly loves a lord.

   3. (obsolete, まれに) A baron or lesser nobleman, as opposed to greater ones
      • 1526, W. Bonde, Pylgrimage of Perfection, i. sig. Bviiiv

        Farre excellyng the state of lordes, erles, dukes or kynges.

      • 1826, Benjamin Disraeli, Vivian Grey, II. iii. iii. 26

        The Marquess played off the two Lords and the Baronet against his former friend.

3. One possessing similar mastery in figurative senses (esp. as lord of ~)
   • ante 1300, Cursor Mundi, 782

     O wityng bath god and ill Ȝee suld be lauerds at ȝour will.

   • 1398, John Trevisa translating Bartholomew de Glanville's De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495), viii. xvi. 322

     The sonne is the lorde of planetes.

   • 1697, “The Third Book of the Georgics”, in Virgil; John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 403869432:

     Love is Lord of all.

   • 1895, Kenneth Graham, The Golden Age, London, page 8:

     The masterful wind was up and out, shouting and chasing, the lord of the morning.

   • 1992 November 18, Larry David, Seinfeld, 4.11: "The Contest":

     But are you still master of your domain?

     I am king of the county. You?

     Lord of the manor.

   1. A magnate of a trade or profession.

      The Tobacco Lords were a group of Scottish merchants and slave traders who in the 18th century made enormous fortunes by trading in tobacco.

      • 1823, W. Cobbett, Rural Rides (1885), I. 399

        Oh, Oh! The cotton Lords are tearing!

4. (astrology) The heavenly body considered to possess a dominant influence over an event, time, etc.
   • c. 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer, Treatise on the Astrolabe, ii. §4:

     The assendent, & eke the lord of the assendent, may be shapen for to be fortunat or infortunat, as thus, a fortunat assendent clepen they whan þat no wykkid planete, as Saturne or Mars, or elles the tail of the dragoun, is in þe hows of the assendent.

5. (Britain, slang, obsolete) A hunchback.
   • 1699, B.E., A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern of the canting crew:

     Lord, a very crooked, deformed... Person.

6. (Britain, Australia, via Cockney rhyming slang, obsolete) Sixpence.
   • 1933 November 16, Times Literary Supplement, 782/1:

     Twenty years ago you might hear a sixpence described as a ‘Lord’ meaning ‘Lord of the Manor’; that is, a tanner.

同意語

• (master, owner): drighten, possessor, proprietor, sovereign

派生語

派生した語

参考

• lady

動詞

lord (三人称単数 現在形 lords, 現在分詞 lording, 過去形および過去分詞形 lorded)

1. (intransitive and transitive) Domineer or act like a lord.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “December. Aegloga Duodecima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], OCLC 606515406; republished as The Shepheardes Calender […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], 1586, OCLC 837880809:

     The grisly toadstool grown there might I see, / And loathed paddocks lording on the same.

2. (transitive) To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord; to grant the title of lord.
   • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2:

     He being thus lorded / Not only with what my revenue yielded, / But what my power might else exact, […] / he did believe / He was indeed the Duke

同意語

• (made a lord): elevate, ennoble, invest

派生語

• (act like a lord): lord it over

参照

• “lord” in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• lord at OneLook Dictionary Search