Lordとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English lord and lorde (attested from the 15th century), from earlier (14th century) lourde and other variants which dropped the intervocalic consonant of earlier lowerd, louerd, loverd, laford, and lhoaverd; from 古期英語 hlāford < hlāfweard, a compound of hlāf (“bread”) + weard (“guardian”); see loaf and ward. The compound exists in Icelandic as lávarður, related to the 古期英語 hlāf-ǣta (“servant”, literally “bread-eater”); it was already being applied broadly prior to the literary development of 古期英語 and was influenced by its common use to translate Latin dominus. Compare Scots laird (“lord”), preserving a separate vowel development (from northern/Scottish Middle English lard, laverd), and modern English lady, from 古期英語 hlǣfdīġe (“bread-kneader”).^[1]

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /lɔːd/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /lɔɹd/
• Homophone: lored (in accents with the horse-hoarse merger),
• Homophone: laud
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)d

名詞

lord (複数形 lords)

1. (obsolete) The master of the servants of a household; (historical) the master of a feudal manor
   • c. 950, Lindisfarne Gospels, Matthew 24:46

     Eadig ðe ðegn ðone miððy cymes hlaferd his on-fand sua doende.

   • 1611, King James Bible, Matthew 24:46

     Bleſſed is that ſeruant, whome his Lord when he commeth, ſhal finde ſo doing.

   • 1600, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, act III, scene 2, 167 ff.

     Por. ...But now, I was the Lord

     of this faire manſion, maiſter of my ſeruants,

     Queene oer my ſelfe...

   • 1794, E. Christian in William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, II. 418

     Lords of manors are distinguished from other land-owners with regard to the game.

   1. (archaic) The male head of a household, a father or husband.
      • 831, charter in Henry Sweet, The oldest English texts, 445

        Ymbe ðet lond et cert ðe hire eðelmod hire hlabard salde.

      • 1594, William Shakespeare, "The Rape of Lucrece"

        ...thou worthie Lord,

        Of that vnworthie wife that greeteth thee

      • c. 1591, William Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew (1623), act V, scene 2, 131 f.

        Pet. Katherine, I charge thee, tell theſe head-ſtrong women,

        What dutie they doe owe their Lords and huſbands!

      • 1611, King James Bible, Genesis 18:12

        Therefore Sarah laughed within her ſelfe, ſaying, After I am waxed old, ſhall I haue pleaſure, my lord being old alſo?

      • 1816, Jane Austen, Emma, III. xvi. 300

        Yes, here I am, my good friend; and here I have been so long, that anywhere else I should think it necessary to apologise; but, the truth is, that I am waiting for my lord and master.

   2. (archaic) The owner of a house, piece of land, or other possession
      • ante 1300, Cursor Mundi, 601 f.

        Als oure lauerd has heuen in hand

        Sua suld man be lauerd of land.

      • 1480, Waterford Archives in the 10th Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1885), App. v. 316

        All suche lordes as have gutters betuxte thar houses.

      • ante 1637, Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. i. 36

        A mightie Lord of Swine!

      • 1697, John Dryden translating Publius Virgilius Maro's Æneis, xii

        Turnus...

        Wrench'd from his feeble hold the shining Sword;

        And plung'd it in the Bosom of its Lord.

      • 1874, J. H. Collins, Principles of Metal Mining (1875), Gloss. 139/2

        Lord, the owner of the land in which a mine is situated is called the ‘lord’.

2. One possessing similar mastery over others; (historical) any feudal superior generally; any nobleman or aristocrat; any chief, prince, or sovereign ruler; in Scotland, a male member of the lowest rank of nobility (the equivalent rank in England is baron)
   • c. 893, Orosius's History, i. i. §13

     Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt...

   • 1530, John Palsgrave, Lesclarcissement, 680/1

     It is a pytuouse case... whan subjectes rebell agaynst their naturall lorde.

   • 1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, xii. 70

     Man over men He made not Lord.

   1. (historical) A feudal tenant holding his manor directly of the king
   2. A peer of the realm, particularly a temporal one
      • ante 1375, William of Palerne (1867), l.4539

        To fare out as fast with his fader to speke, & with lordesse of þat lond.

      • ante 1420, T. Hoccleve, De Regimine Principum, 442

        Men myghten lordis knowe

        By there arraye, from oþir folke.

      • 1453, Rolls of Parliament, V. 266/2

        If such persone bee of the estate of a Lord, as Duc, Marques, Erle, Viscount or Baron.

      • 1597, William Shakespeare, The life and death of King Richard the Second, act IV, scene 1, 18

        Princes, and noble Lords:

        What anſwer ſhall I make to this baſe man?

      • 1614, J. Selden, Titles of Honor, 59

        Our English name Lord, whereby we and the Scots stile all such as are of the Greater Nobilitie i. Barons, as also Bishops.

      • 1900 July 21, Daily Express, 5/7

        The Englishman of to-day still dearly loves a lord.

   3. (obsolete, まれに) A baron or lesser nobleman, as opposed to greater ones
      • 1526, W. Bonde, Pylgrimage of Perfection, i. sig. Bviiiv

        Farre excellyng the state of lordes, erles, dukes or kynges.

      • 1826, Benjamin Disraeli, Vivian Grey, II. iii. iii. 26

        The Marquess played off the two Lords and the Baronet against his former friend.

3. One possessing similar mastery in figurative senses (esp. as lord of ~)
   • ante 1300, Cursor Mundi, 782

     O wityng bath god and ill Ȝee suld be lauerds at ȝour will.

   • 1398, John Trevisa translating Bartholomew de Glanville's De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495), viii. xvi. 322

     The sonne is the lorde of planetes.

     1697, John Dryden translating Publius Virgilius Maro as Georgics, iii

     Love is Lord of all.

   • 1895, Kenneth Graham, The Golden Age, London, page 8:

     The masterful wind was up and out, shouting and chasing, the lord of the morning.

   • 1992 November 18, Larry David, Seinfeld, 4.11: "The Contest":

     But are you still master of your domain?

     I am king of the county. You?

     Lord of the manor.

   1. The magnates of a trade or profession
      • 1823, W. Cobbett, Rural Rides (1885), I. 399

        Oh, Oh! The cotton Lords are tearing!

4. (astrology) The heavenly body considered to possess a dominant influence over an event, time, etc.
   • c. 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer, Treatise on the Astrolabe, ii. §4:

     The assendent, & eke the lord of the assendent, may be shapen for to be fortunat or infortunat, as thus, a fortunat assendent clepen they whan þat no wykkid planete, as Saturne or Mars, or elles the tail of the dragoun, is in þe hows of the assendent.

5. (Britain, slang, obsolete) A hunchback.
   • 1699, B.E., A new dictionary of the terms ancient and modern of the canting crew:

     Lord, a very crooked, deformed... Person.

6. (Britain, Australia, via Cockney rhyming slang, obsolete) Sixpence.
   • 1933 November 16, Times Literary Supplement, 782/1:

     Twenty years ago you might hear a sixpence described as a ‘Lord’ meaning ‘Lord of the Manor’; that is, a tanner.

同意語

• (master, owner): drighten, possessor, proprietor, sovereign

派生語

派生した語

参考

• lady

動詞

lord (三人称単数 現在形 lords, 現在分詞 lording, 過去形および過去分詞形 lorded)

1. (intransitive and transitive) Domineer or act like a lord.
   • (Can we date this quote by Edmund Spenser かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

     The grisly toadstool grown there might I see, / And loathed paddocks lording on the same.

2. (transitive) To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord; to grant the title of lord.
   • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2:

     He being thus lorded / Not only with what my revenue yielded, / But what my power might else exact, […] / he did believe / He was indeed the Duke

同意語

• (made a lord): elevate, ennoble, invest

派生語

• (act like a lord): lord it over

参照

• lord in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
• lord at OneLook Dictionary Search