bishopとは

語源 1

From Middle English bischop, bishop, bisshop, biscop, from 古期英語 biscop (“bishop”), from British Latin *biscopo or Vulgar Latin (e)biscopus, from classical Latin episcopus (“overseer, supervisor”), from Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος (epískopos, “overseer”), from ἐπί (epí, “over”) + σκοπός (skopós, “watcher”), used in Greek and Latin both generally and as a title of civil officers. Cognate with all European terms for the position in various Christian churches (see below); compare bisp.

別の表記

• (廃れた用法) byshop

A Staunton bishop (chess)

名詞

bishop (複数形 bishops)

1. (Christianity) An overseer of congregations: either any such overseer, generally speaking, or (in Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Anglicanism, etc.) an official in the church hierarchy (actively または nominally) governing a diocese, supervising the church's priests, deacons, and property in its territory.
   • c. 897, Alfred the Great translating St. Gregory's Pastoral Care (Hatton MS.), 1

     Ælfred kyning hateð gretan Wærferð biscep.

   • 1382, Wycliffe's Bible, Acts xx. 28

     Al the folk in which the Hooly Gost sette ȝou bischopis.

     [Compare Tindale oversears, Cranmer ouersears, Geneva Ouersears, Douay bishops, KJV ouerseers, ERV bishops with the marginal gloss or overseers.]

   • c. 1383, John Wyclif, Selected Works, III. 310

     Crist veriest bischop of alle.

   • 1641, ‘Smectymnuus’, Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr., §16. 208

     King James of blessed memory said, no Bishop, no King: it was not he, but others that added, No Ceremony, no Bishop.

   • 1715, William Hendley, A Defence of the Church of England, 16

     St. Ignatius... In his 'Epiſtle to the Magneſians,' he exhorts them to do all things in the love of God, telling them, the Biſhop preſides in the place of God...

   • 1845, J. Lingard, Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church 3rd ed., I. iv. 146

     These ministers were at first confined to the three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons.

   • 1868, Joseph Barber Lightfoot, St. Paul's epistle to the Philippians, 93

     It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the Church is called indifferently ‘bishop’ ἐπίσκοπος and ‘elder’ or ‘presbyter’ πρεσβύτερος.

   1. (religion, obsolete) A similar official or chief priest in another religion.
      • c. 893, translating Orosius's History, v. iv. §1

        Lucinius Crassus... wæs eac Romana ieldesta biscep.

      • 1586, Thomas Bowes translating Pierre de la Primaudaye's The French Academie, I. 633

        The Caliphaes of the Sarasins were kings and chiefe bishops in their religion.

      • 1615, William Bedwell, Arabian Trudgman in translating Mohammedis Imposturæ, sig. N4

        The Byshop of Egypt is called the Souldan.

   2. (obsolete) Any watchman, inspector, or overlooker.
      • 1592, Lancelot Andrewes, Sermons (1843), v. 516

        No pinnacle so high but the devil is a bishop over it, to visit and overlook it.

   3. (obsolete) The holder of the Greek or Roman position of episcopus, supervisor over the public dole of grain, etc.
      • 1808, The Monthly Magazine and British Register, 26 109

        They gave away corn, not cash; and Cicero was made bishop, or overseer, of this public victualling.

   4. The chief of the Festival of Fools or St. Nicholas Day.
2. (chess) The chess piece denoted ♗ or ♝ which moves along diagonal lines and developed from the shatranj alfil ("elephant") and was originally known as the aufil or archer in English.
   • 1562, Rowbotham in Archaeologia, XXIV. 203

     The Bishoppes some name Alphins, some fooles, and some name them Princes; other some call them Archers.

   • 1656, Francis Beale translating Gioachino Greco as The royall game of chesse-play, being the study of Biochimo, 2

     A Bishop or Archer, who is commonly figured with his head cloven.

3. Any of various African birds of the genus Euplectes; a kind of weaverbird closely related to the widowbirds.
4. (dialectal) A ladybug or ladybird, beetles of the family Coccinellidae.
   • 1875, William Douglas Parish, A Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect

     ‘Bishop, Bishop-Barnabee,

     Tell me when my wedding shall be;

     If it be to-morrow day,

     Ope your wings and fly away.

5. (alcoholic beverages‎) A sweet drink made from wine, usually with oranges, lemons, and sugar; mulled and spiced port.
   • ante 1745, Jonathan Swift, Women who cry Apples in Works (1746), VIII. 192

     Well roasted, with Sugar and Wine in a Cup,

     They'll make a sweet Bishop.

   • 1791, J. Boswell, Life of Johnson, anno 1752 I. 135

     A bowl of that liquor called Bishop, which Johnson had always liked.

   • 1801, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Poems, II. 169

     Spicy bishop, drink divine.

6. (US, archaic) A bustle.
   • c. 1860, John Saxe, Progress

     If, by her bishop, or her 'grace' alone,

     A genuine lady, or a church, is known.

7. (Britain, dialectal, archaic) A children's smock or pinafore.
   • 1874, Evelyn Waugh in Lanc. Gloss. (E.D.S.)

     Here; tak him, an wesh him; an' put him a clen bishop on.

使用する際の注意点

Generally speaking, Christian churches observe their highest positions—popes, patriarchs, archbishops, etc.—as specially-empowered bishops; thus the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, while the Pope of the Coptic Church is nominally bishop of Alexandria though resident in Cairo. In several denominations, the charism of a laying on of hands is believed to introduce new bishops to an unbroken apostolic succession initiated by the Holy Ghost at the Pentecost described in the 2nd chapter of the Book of Acts.

Traditionally, the rank of bishop has been restricted to men and many denominations continue this practice. Even denominations permitting the marriage of priests (such as Eastern Orthodoxy) typically require complete celibacy from those promoted to bishophood: owing to traditional aversions to divorce, this usually restricts the rank to single men and widowers. Catholic bishops are also priests; Eastern Orthodox bishops are usually (but not always) monks.

同意語

• (normally) diocesan bishop, suffragan bishop
• (canon law) ordinary, (Eastern Orthodoxy) hierarch
• (as creators of priests) consecrator

下位語

Holonyms

• (Roman Catholicism, Methodism, worldwide) college
• (Eastern Orthodoxy, worldwide) Holy Synod, synod
• (Roman Catholicism, regional) conference, episcopal conference
• (others, regional) assembly, sobor, synod
• (ad hoc) council, ecumenical council
• (ad hoc, derogatory) conciliabule, conciliabulum
• (cardinals) college, conclave

派生語

• (church official, supervisor of priests かつ congregations):

• (African weaverbirds):

関連する語

• (abbreviation) Bp.
• (female) bishopess
• episcopal, Episcopalian, episcopate
• bishopric

参考

Chess pieces in English · chess pieces, chessmen (see also: chess) (layout · text)
king	queen	castle, rook	bishop	knight	pawn

動詞

bishop (三人称単数 現在形 bishops, 現在分詞 bishoping または bishopping, 過去形および過去分詞形 bishoped または bishopped)

1. (Christianity) To act as a bishop, to perform the duties of a bishop, especially to confirm another's membership in the church.
   • c. 1000, Thorpe's Laws, II. 348 (Bosw.)

     Se bisceop biþ gesett... to bisceopgenne cild.

   • c. 1315, Shoreham, 5

     Wanne the bisschop, bisschopeth the

     Tokene of marke he set on the.

   • 1622, W. Yonge, Diary (1848), 50

     The Marquis of Buckingham and his wife were both bishopped, or confirmed by the Bishop of London.

   • 1655, T. Fuller, Church-hist. Brit., ix. 81

     Harding and Saunders Bishop it in England.

   • 1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, page 35:

     Here too physical effects were vulgarly attributed to the ceremony… as evidenced by the case of the old Norfolk woman who claimed to have been ‘bishopped’ seven times, because she found it helped her rheumatism.

   1. (by extension, jocularly, obsolete) To confirm (in its other senses).
      • 1596, W. Warner, Albions Eng., x. liv. 243

        Why sent they it by Felton to be bishoped at Paules?

      • 1700, John Dryden translating Boccaccio's Cymon & Iphigenia in Fables, 550

        He... chose to bear The Name of Fool confirm'd, and Bishop'd by the Fair.

2. (Christianity) To make a bishop.
   • 1549, H. Latimer, 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie, 5th Serm. sig. Pviv

     Thys hathe bene often tymes... sene in preachers before they were byshoppyd or benificed.

   • 1861 November 23, Sat. Rev., 537

     There may be other... matters to occupy the thoughts of one about to be bishopped.

3. (Christianity, まれに) To provide with bishops.
   • 1865 December 6, Daily Telegraph, 5/3

     Italy would be well bishoped if her episcopacy... did not exceed fifty-nine.

4. (Britain, dialectal) To permit food (especially milk) to burn while cooking (from bishops' role in the inquisition または as mentioned in the quotation below, of horses).
   • ante 1536, Tyndale, Works, 166 (T.)

     If the porage be burned to, or the meate ouer rosted, we say the bishop hath put his foote in the potte or the bishop hath played the cooke, because the bishops burn who they lust and whosoever displeaseth them.

   • 1641, John Milton, Animadversions, 9

     It will be as bad as the Bishops foot in the broth.

   • 1738, Jonathan Swift, Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat., 10

     The Cream is burnt to.

     Betty. Why, Madam, the Bishop has set his Foot in it.

   • 1863, E. C. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, I. 64

     She canna stomach it if it's bishopped e'er so little.

   • 1875, Lanc. Gloss., 40

     Th' milk's bishopped again!

5. (by extension, of horses) To make a horse seem younger, particularly by manipulation of its teeth.
   • 1727, R. Bradley, Family Dict. at "Horse"

     This way of making a Horse look young is... called Bishoping.

   • 1788, Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue 2nd ed.

     Bishopped, or To bishop. A term among horſe dealers, for burning the mark into a horſe's tooth, after he has loſt it by age... It is a common ſaying of milk that is burnt to, that the biſhop has fet his foot in it. Formerly, when a biſhop paſſed through a village, all the inhabitants ran out of their houſes to ſolicit his bleſſing, even leaving their milk, &c. on the fire, to take its chance; which, when burnt to, was ſaid to be biſhopped.

   • 1840, E. E. Napier, Scenes & Sports Foreign Lands, I. v. 138

     I found his teeth had been filed down and bishoped with the greatest neatness and perfection.

派生語

• bishop it

語源 2

Eponymous, from the surname Bishop.

動詞

bishop (三人称単数 現在形 bishops, 現在分詞 bishoping または bishopping, 過去形および過去分詞形 bishoped または bishopped)

1. (Britain, colloquial, obsolete) To murder by drowning.
   • 1840, R.H. Barham, Some Account of a New Play in Ingoldsby Legends 1st series, 308

     I Burked the papa, now I'll Bishop the son.

   • 1870, Walter Thornbury, Old Stories Re-told

     There were no more Burking murders until 1831, when two men, named Bishop and Williams, drowned a poor [14-year-old] Italian boy in Bethnal Green, and sold his body to the surgeons.

   • 2002, Helen Smith, Grave-Robbers, Cut-throats, and Poisoners of London, 66

     John Bishop and another grave-robber called Thomas Williams had drowned the boy, a woman and another boy in a well in John Bishop's garden in Bethnal Green... Bishop and Williams were hanged outside Newgate Prison in December 1831 in front of an angry crowd of 30,000.

参照

• Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "bishop, n.", "bishop, v.¹", and "bishop, v.²". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1887.
• Webster's New International Dictionary. "Bishop". 1913.