sphereとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• sphære (古風な用法)
• sphear (古風な用法)
• spheare (廃れた用法)

語源

From Middle English spere, from Old French sphere, from Late Latin sphēra, earlier Latin sphaera (“ball, globe, celestial sphere”), from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra, “ball, globe”), of unknown origin. Not related to superficially similar Persian سپهر‎ (sepehr, “sky”) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?).

発音

• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /sfɪə(ɹ)/
• (米国発音) enPR: sfîr, IPA^(key): /sfɪɚ/
• 韻: -ɪə(ɹ)

名詞

sphere (複数形 spheres)

1. (mathematics) A regular three-dimensional object in which every cross-section is a circle; the figure described by the revolution of a circle about its diameter [from 14th c.].

   Synonyms: (幾何学) 3-sphere, (topology) 2-sphere

2. A spherical physical object; a globe or ball. [from 14th c.]

   Synonym: orb

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Of celestial bodies, first the sun, / A mighty sphere, he framed.

   • 2011 July 6, Piers Sellers, The Guardian:

     So your orientation changes a little bit but it sinks in that the world is a sphere, and you're going around it, sometimes under it, sideways, or over it.

3. (astronomy, now rare) The celestial sphere: the edge of the heavens, imagined as a hollow globe within which celestial bodies appear to be embedded. [from 14th c.]
   • 1635, John Donne, His parting form her:

     Though cold and darkness longer hang somewhere, / Yet Phoebus equally lights all the Sphere.

   • 1791, Erasmus Darwin, The Economy of Vegetation, J. Johnson, page 190:

     Resistless rolls the illimitable sphere, / And one great circle forms the unmeasured year.

4. (historical, astronomy, mythology) Any of the concentric hollow transparent globes formerly believed to rotate around the Earth, and which carried the heavenly bodies; there were originally believed to be eight, and later nine and ten; friction between them was thought to cause a harmonious sound (the music of the spheres). [from 14th c.]
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

     ſooner ſhall the Sun fall from his Spheare,
     Than Tamburlaine be ſlaine or ouercome.

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, translated by John Florio, The Essayes […], book 1, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC, page 153:

     It is more simplicitie to teach our children […] [t]he knowledge of the starres, and the motion of the eighth spheare, before their owne.

   • 1646, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, I.6:

     They understood not the motion of the eighth sphear from West to East, and so conceived the longitude of the Stars invariable.

5. (mythology) An area of activity for a planet; or by extension, an area of influence for a god, hero etc. [from 14th c.]
6. (figurative) The region in which something or someone is active; one's province, domain. [from 17th c.]

   Synonyms: area, field, orbit, sector

   sphere of influence

   • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XVIII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 203:

     ...while his sweet and gentle niece would be a charming companion for Francesca; and he thought, with a glow of affection long unfelt, that Lucy Aylmer must inevitably make a friend whose future kindness might add much to her happiness. Both were at present placed out of their sphere: but the one would in all probability have it greatly in her power to cherish and aid the other.

   • 1946, Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy, I.20:

     They thought – originally on grounds derived from religion – that each thing or person had its or his proper sphere, to overstep which is ‘unjust’.

7. The natural, normal, or proper place (of something).

   Synonym: element

   in one's sphere

8. (geometry) The set of all points in three-dimensional Euclidean space (または n-dimensional space, in topology) that are a fixed distance from a fixed point [from 20th c.].
9. (logic, dated) The domain of reference of a proposition, subject, or predicate, or the totality of the particular subjects to which it applies.
   • a. 1856, William Hamilton, “Appendix III: Quantification of Predicate,—Immediate Inference,—Conversion,—Opposition”, in Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, volume 2, published 1860, page 526:

     In point of fact, so often as we think a subject as partially included within the sphere of a predicate, eo ipso we think it as partially, that is, particularly, excluded therefrom.

   • 1896, James Welton, A Manual of Logic, 2nd edition, volume 1, page 213:

     All categorical propositions necessarily imply the existence of their subjects in the appropriate sphere; in affirmative propositions this involves the existence of the predicate in the same sphere; but in negative propositions the predicate does not necessarily exist in that particular sphere, though it does in some sphere.

   • 1900 [1781], Immanuel Kant, translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, Critique of Pure Reason, page 58:

     Finally, the disjunctive judgment contains a relation of two or more propositions to each other—a relation not of consequence, but of logical opposition, in so far as the sphere of the one proposition excludes that of the other.

派生語

関連する語

• atmosphere
• hemisphere
• ionosphere
• planisphere
• spherical
• spheroid
• stratosphere
• troposphere

動詞

sphere (三人称単数 現在形 spheres, 現在分詞 sphering, 過去形および過去分詞形 sphered)

1. (transitive) To place in a sphere, or among the spheres; to ensphere.
   • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

     The glorious planet Sol / In noble eminence enthroned and sphered / Amidst the other.

2. (transitive) To make round or spherical; to perfect.
   • 1847, Alfred Tennyson, “(please specify the page number, または |part=Prologue, I to VII, または conclusion)”, in The Princess: A Medley, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:

     sphered Whole

参考

• ball (in topology)
• Mathworld article on the sphere
• PlanetMath article on the sphere

参照

• “sphere”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

アナグラム

• Hesper, herpes, pesher, pheers

派生語

アナグラム

• Hesper, herpes, pesher, pheers