英和和英

語源

From clippings of attributive use of China, q.v., the country in East Asia. In reference to porcelain and porcelain objects, via clipping of chinaware and via this sense of Persian چینی (čīnī / čini) in Persia and India, which influenced the pronunciation (see below). In reference to medicine, via clipping of China root. In reference to flowers, via clipping of China rose. In reference to tea, via clipping of China tea. In Cockney slang, a clipping of china plate as a rhyme of mate (“friend”). In reference to drum cymbals, a clipping of China cymbal and as a genericization of a kind of Zildjian-brand cymbal.

発音

• IPA: /ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯nə/, [ˈt͡ʃʰaɪ̯nə]
• (General Australian) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃɑɪ̯nə/, [ˈt͡ʃʰɑ̈ɪ̯nə]
• (obsolete) IPA: /ˈt͡ʃeːni/, /ˈt͡ʃiːni/
• 韻: -aɪnə
• ハイフネーション: chi‧na

名詞

china (countable and uncountable, plural chinas)

1. (uncountable) Synonym of porcelain, a hard white translucent ceramic made from kaolin, now (chiefly US) sometimes distinguished in reference to tableware as fine or good china.

   It's a china doll.

2. (uncountable) Chinaware: porcelain tableware.
   • 1634, Thomas Herbert, A Relation of Some Yeares Trauaile, Begunne Anno 1626. into Afrique and the Greater Asia, page 41:

     They sell Callicoes, Cheney Sattin, Cheney ware.

   • 1653, Henry Cogan translating Fernão Mendes Pinto as The Voyages and Adventures of Fernand Mendez Pinto, p. 206:

     ...a Present of certain very rich Pieces of China.

   He set the table with china, cloth napkins, and crystal stemware.

   The traditional 20th anniversary gift is china.

3. (uncountable, chiefly US, dated) Cheaper and lower-quality ceramic and ceramic tableware, distinguished from porcelain.
   • 1921 May 11, “Edison Questions Stir Up a Storm”, in New York Times:

     What is porcelain? A fine earthenware differing from china in being harder, whiter, harder to fuse and more translucent than ordinary pottery.

4. (uncountable) Synonym of China root, the root of Smilax china (particularly) as a medicine.
   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 5, member 1, subsection v:

     China, saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melancholy, and all infirmities proceeding from cold […].

5. (uncountable, obsolete) Synonym of cheyney: worsted or woolen stuff.
   • 1790, Alexander Wilson, Poems, page 55:

     ...And then the last boon I'll implore,
     Is to bless us with China so tight...

6. (countable) Synonym of China rose, in its various senses.
   • 1844, Jane Loudon, The Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden, 3rd edition, page 344:

     Rosa indica (the common China); Rosa semperflorens (the monthly China).

7. (countable, Cockney rhyming slang, Australia, South Africa) Synonym of mate (rhyme of china-plate).

   All right, me old china?

   • 1880, Daniel William Barrett, Life and Work among the Navvies, 2nd edition, page 41:

     ‘Now, then, my china-plate...’ This is essentially a brick~layer's phrase. If for ‘china-plate’ you substitute ‘mate’, […] the puzzle is revealed.

   • 1925, Edward Fraser et al., Soldier and Sailor Words and Phrases, page 53:

     China, or Old China: chum.

8. (uncountable, dated) Tea from China, (particularly) varieties cured by smoking or opposed to Indian cultivars.
   • 1907, Yesterday's Shopping, page 1:

     Tea... Finest China, Plain (Moning).

9. (countable, games, chiefly US, obsolete) A glazed china marble.
   • 1932 March, Dan Beard, “New-Fashioned Kites and Old-Fashioned Marbles”, in Boys' Life, page 27:

     The marbles, in those days, had their primitive names. The unglazed china ones were called plasters because they looked like plaster; the glazed china marbles were called chinas. I remember how charming were the partly colored lines which encircled them.

10. (countable, music) A kind of drum cymbal approximating a Chinese style of cymbal, but usually with Turkish influences.
    • 2010, Carmine Appice, Drums for Everyone, page 78:

      China cymbals are a type of short sound cymbal. [Brand X] makes chinas with really short sounds.

派生語

参照

アナグラム

• hican, Chi-an, chain, Chain, Chian, Anich, Achin