genusとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignere, Old Latin gegnere (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender, genre, and kin.

発音

• (英国発音) enPR: jēn’-əs, jĕn’-əs, IPA^(key): /ˈdʒiːnəs/, /ˈdʒɛnəs/
• (米国発音) enPR: jēn’-əs, IPA^(key): /ˈdʒiːnəs/
• 韻: -iːnəs

名詞

genus (複数形 genera)

1. (taxonomy) a rank in the classification of organisms, below family and above species; a taxon at that rank

   All magnolias belong to the genus Magnolia.

   Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.

   There are only two genera and species of seadragons.

   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 6:

     Müller […] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he cited Jubula as an annectant genus.

2. A group with common attributes.
   • 1945, Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, page 655:

     Recollection is one of a whole genus of effects which are more or less peculiar to the phenomena that we naturally call "mental."

3. (topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) A natural number representing any of several related measures of the complexity of a given manifold or graph.
4. (semantics) Within a definition, a broader category of the defined concept.

同意語

• See also Thesaurus:class

下位語

• (topology, graph theory): Euler genus

派生語

関連する語

参考

• generic name
• class
• division
• kingdom
• order
• phylum
• species
• (semantics): differentia

Further reading

• genus in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.
• genus in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911

アナグラム

• Negus, negus

Latin

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɡe.nus/, [ˈɡɛ.nʊs]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒe.nus/, [ˈd͡ʒɛː.nus]

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *genos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os (“race”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”); compare also gēns, from the same root. Cognates include Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin, kind”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “race, class of beings”), Proto-Celtic *genos (“birth; family”), and English kin.

名詞

genus n (genitive generis); third declension

1. birth, origin
2. kind, type, class
   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 26.1:

     huic generi militum senatus eundem, quem Cannensibus, finem statuerat militiae.

     For this class of soldier the senate had established a limit in duration to their military service, which was the same as the men at Cannae.

3. species (of animal または plant), race (of people)
   • 70 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III:

     omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque
     et genus aequoreum pecudes pictaeque volucres
     in furias ignemque ruunt

     So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
     whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
     collapse into the frenzies and the fire [of sex].

4. set, group (with common attributes)
5. (grammar) gender
   • 6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed): Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; […] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225

     Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.

     名詞s have six genders: masculine, e.g. hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g. hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g. hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g. hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing'; epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g. passer 'sparrow', aquila 'eagle'.

   • 16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere): Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19

     Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.

     名詞s have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede with hic: hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede with haec, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'. Neuter, which you can precede with hoc, e.g. hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede with hic and haec: hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three of hic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g. hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing', hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g. hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g. hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine), haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine), hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).

6. (grammar) subtype of word
   • Aelius Donatus, Ars Minor De Verbo:

     Genera verborum quot sunt? Quinque. Quae? Activa passiva neutra deponentia communia.

     How many types of verbs are there? Five. Which ones? Active, passive, neuter, deponent, common.

   • Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentarius in Artem Donati :

     Verborum genera quinque sunt, activa passiva neutra communia deponentia.

     There are five types of verbs: active, passive, neuter, common, deponent.

語形変化

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

下位語

• (grammar, genera nominum): [genus] fēminīnum, [genus] masculīnum, [genus] neutrum, genus commūne, genus omne
• (grammar, genera verborum): [genus] āctīvum, [genus] passīvum, [genus] neutrum, [genus] commūne, [genus] dēpōnēns, [genus] medium

派生語

派生した語

語源 2

See the etymology of the main entry.

名詞

genūs

1. genitive singular of genū

参照

• genus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• genus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• genus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meissner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • an Englishman by birth: natione, genere Anglus
    
  • the position of the lower classes: condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis
    
  • from this point of view; similarly: quo in genere
    
  • from every point of view; looked at in every light: omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus
    
  • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
    
  • the species is subordinate the genus: partes generibus subiectae sunt
    
  • to differ qualitatively not quantitatively: genere, non numero or magnitudine differre
    
  • this word is neuter: hoc vocabulum generis neutri (not neutrius) est)
    
  • to be of noble family: generis antiquitate florere
    
  • of illustrious family: nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus
    
  • people of every rank: homines omnis generis
    
  • the aristocracy (as a social class): nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt
    
  • (ambiguous) the male, female sex: sexus (not genus) virilis, muliebris
    
  • (ambiguous) to choose a career, profession: genus vitae (vivendi) or aetatis degendae deligere
    
  • (ambiguous) to analyse a general division into its specific parts: genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33. 117)
    
  • (ambiguous) to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy: poesis genus ad Romanos transferre
    
  • (ambiguous) style: genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio
    
  • (ambiguous) elevated, moderate, plain style: genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21)
    
  • (ambiguous) a running style: fusum orationis genus
    
  • (ambiguous) a rough, unpolished style: inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242)
    
  • (ambiguous) a bombastic style: inflatum orationis genus
    
  • (ambiguous) to adopt the language of everyday life: accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus
    

接尾辞

-genus (feminine -gena, neuter -genum); first/second-declension suffix

1. born from, sprung form

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

派生語

関連する語

• genus