英和和英

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈkʷɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkʷis]

代名詞

quis or quī (feminine quae or qua or quis, neuter quid); relative/interrogative pronoun (with m optionally → n in compounds)

1. (interrogative pronoun, usually clause-initial)
   1. (in the masculine singular, not agreeing with any other word) who?

      Quis custōdiet ipsōs custōdēs? ― who will watch the watchmen themselves?

      • c. 186 BCE, Plautus, Aulularia 809:

        Quis mē est dītior?

        Who's richer than me?

      • 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Pro S. Roscio Amerino 76.10:

        Nuntium misit. Quem aut ad quem?

        • 1903 translation by C. D. Yonge

          He sent a messenger—whom? or to whom?

   2. (in the neuter singular, not agreeing with any other word) what?

      Quid accidit? ― What happened?

      Quid agis? ― How are you?

      Quid agitur? Quid fit? ― What is going on? How are you getting on?

      Quid tibi animi est? ― What sort of humour are you in?

      Quid tibi vis? ― What do you mean to do?

      Quid illo fiet? ― What will become of him?

      Quid huic homini (/hoc homine) faciam? ― What am I to do with this fellow?

      Dic quid sentias ― Give me your opinion

      Quid censes?/Quid tibi videtur?/Quid de ea re fieri placet? ― What is your opinion?

      Quid causae fuit cur...? ― How came it that...?

      incertus sum, quid consilii capiam ― I am undecided...

      Quid hoc sibi vult?/Quid hoc rei est? ― What is the meaning of this?

      Quid attinet? ― What is the use of?

      Quid mirum? ― no wonder

      • 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, De Domo Sua 72.3:

        Quid est enim exsul?

        For what is an exile?

      • 54 BCE, Cicero, Pro Plancio 80.5:

        Quid est pietas nisi voluntas grata in parentes?

        • 1923 translation by N. H. Watts

          What is filial affection, if not a benevolent gratitude to one’s parents?

   3. (agreeing in gender with a noun in a copular sentence) what?
      • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.7.6-7:

        Pro deum hominumque fidem! Quid hoc est? Quae haec causa est? Quae ista impudentia?

        For heaven's sake! What is this? What is the cause? What is this impudence of yours?

      • 44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 6.14:

        Quis est iste ordo?

        • 2010 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey

          What category is this?

      • c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 4.70.6:

        Quis est enim iste amor amicitiae?

        What is this love of friendship then?

      • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Hercules Furens 1138:

        Quis hic locus, quae regio, quae mundi plaga?

        What (is) this place? What area? What region of the world?

   4. (as predicate agreeing in gender and number with subject) who?

      Quis es? ― Who are you? (with the default emphasis on you)

      Quis es tū? ― Who are you? (with the marked emphasis on are)

      Quī sumus? ― Who are we?

      • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.188:

        Ego instare ut mihi responderet quis esset, ubi esset, unde esset

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   5. (often agreeing in gender with a genitive pronoun, etc.) which (of)? (mainly out of three or more, vs. uter "which of two?")
      • 84 BCE, Cicero, De inventione 1.17.10:

        Ex comparatione, in qua per contentionem, utrum potius aut quid potissimum sit quaeritur

        • 1949 translation by H. M. Hubbell

          The case involves comparison when various actions are contrasted and the question is which one is more desirable or which is most desirable to perform

      • 55 BCE, Cicero, De oratore 3.28:

        suavitatem Isocrates, subtilitatem Lysias, acumen Hyperides, sonitum Aeschines, vim Demosthenes habuit. Quis eorum non egregius? Tamen quis cuiusquam nisi sui similis? Gravitatem Africanus, lenitatem Laelius, asperitatem Galba, profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum. Quis horum non princeps temporibus illis fuit? Et suo tamen quisque in genere princeps.

        • 1942 translation by H. Rackham

          Isocrates had grace of style, Lysias precision, Hyperides penetration, Aeschines sonorousness, Demosthenes force: which of them is not eminent? and yet which resembles anyone but himself? Africanus had weight, Laelius smoothness, Galba harshness, Carbo a kind of flow and melody: which of these in the old days was not eminent? and yet each eminent in his own particular style.

      • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 1.851-853:

        Nam quid in oppressu valido durabit eorum,
        ut mortem effugiat, leti sub dentibus ipsis?
        Ignis an umor an aura? Quid horum? Sanguen an ossa?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 65 CE, Seneca Minor, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 88.3.3:

        Grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias, iam ut longissime fines suos proferat, circa carmina. Quid horum ad virtutem viam sternit?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   6. (in the neuter quid) why, what for?
      • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 831:

        Quid stās, lapis? Quīn accipis?

        Why are you standing there, stupid? Take it!

2. (indefinite pronoun, never clause-initial) anyone, a person, someone, one; anything, a thing, something
   1. (usually after si, nisi, num, or ne)
      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.9:

        ut si quid etiam de sua salute ab Aeduis iniretur consili

        in order that if any concerning his own safety should have been organized by the Aedui

      • c. 41 BCE – 39 BCE, Vergilius, Eclogues 6.9–10:

        Sī quis tamen haec quoque, sī quis
        captus amōre leget, tē nostrae, Vāre, myrīcae,
        tē nemus omne canet

        If anyone, if anyone reads this captured by love [for these verses], our tamarisks shall sing of you, Varus, and of you every grove shall sing.

      • 30 BCE – 16 BCE, Propertius, Elegies 1.2:

        Non ego nunc vereor ne sim tibi vilior istis:
        uni si qua placet, culta puella sat est; […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 405 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Evangelium secundum Ioannem.3.5:

        Respondit Iēsūs: āmēn āmēn, dīcō tibi, nisi quis renātus fuerit ex aquā et Spīritū, nōn potest introīre in rēgnum Deī.

        Jesus replied, "verily verily, I say to you, unless a person is reborn out of water and Spirit, that person can't enter into the kingdom of God."

      • 405 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Epistula ad Hebraeos.12.16:

        Nē quis fornicātor, aut profānus ut Esau, quī propter ūnam ēscam vendidit prīmitīva sua.

        Do not let anyone be a fornicator, nor a profane person like Esau, who sold his birthright for a single meal.

   2. (less often, after another word)
      • For quotations using this term, see Citations:quis.

使用する際の注意点

• When used as a question word, quis usually occupies the first position in a clause, regardless of its syntactic function (although it may be preceded by a connector or a pragmatically fronted constituent).
• In a question that does not contain a copular verb, the interrogative pronoun is masculine singular (quis) when asking for the identity of some unknown person(s) and neuter singular (quid) when asking for the identity of some unknown thing. In all periods of Latin, the masculine forms of quis can be used as a generic, epicene interrogative pronoun with a scope that includes both male and female persons despite its masculine grammatical gender. Compare the generic sense of the grammatically masculine noun homo (“man, human being”).
  • The nominative singular form quis is sometimes used as a feminine interrogative pronoun or adjective in the early Latin of Ennius, Pacuvius, and Plautus (see Citations:quis). This use of quis as a feminine (as opposed to epicene) nominative singular form is scarcely attested in authors of later time periods. The feminine nominative singular form quae is also attested in reference to a woman or in agreement with a feminine noun (see Citations:quae), although it can be difficult to determine whether feminine interrogative quae is a form of the pronoun quis (“who”), or a form of the interrogative adjective quī (“which”) (which can be used substantivally).
• In questions that contain a form of esse and a nominative noun in addition to a nominative form of quis, the form of quis may match the gender and number of the noun by attraction. Therefore, in this context, quis (with a masculine noun) or quae (with a feminine noun) can mean "what", rather than "who". However, it is also possible alternatively for neuter singular quid to be used as a predicative pronoun with the sense "what" in a question with a masculine, feminine or plural subject, with no agreement in gender or number between the subject and the predicate. According to Lebreton, agreement is rarer than the use of the non-agreeing neuter interrogative pronoun, but neither is exceptional. In questions with esse, it is not always simple to determine whether a form of quis is acting as an interrogative pronominal subject, an interrogative pronominal predicate, or an interrogative adjective (see also quī), since the same grammatical case is used for all of these functions, and Latin regularly places an interrogative word first regardless of its syntactic function in a clause.
• The indefinite pronoun is frequent in certain constructions, rare in others. It is common immediately after sī or nē and is also used regularly after the less frequent particles num and nisi (the combinations sīquis, nēquis, numquis are sometimes written without spacing). Quis is sometimes separated from these particles by one or more words, and is occasionally found after other words (e.g. cum, mainly in postclassical and Late Latin, sometimes other relative words). In sense, quis/quid has the weakest emphatic force of the various Latin indefinite pronouns, and can refer to a person/thing whose existence is completely hypothetical: in contrast, aliquis (“someone”) has a greater tendency to imply existence, quīdam (“a certain”) refers to someone/something specific known to the speaker, and quisquam (“anyone (at all)”) is used in negative polarity contexts and can optionally be used instead of quis in conditional or prohibitive clauses to emphasize the universality of a condition or prohibition.

語形変化

Interrogative and indefinite pronoun.

In Republican Latin or earlier, alternative spellings could be found for the following forms of quī/quis and its compounds: the masculine nominative singular or plural quī (old spelling quei), the genitive singular cuius (old spelling quoius), the dative singular cui (old spelling quoi or quoiei), the dative/ablative plural quīs (old spelling queis).
Qua (with short ă) occurs only as an indefinite pronoun or determiner placed immediately after sī, nē, or num. The combinations sīqua, nēqua, and numqua are sometimes written without spacing (as also are the masculines sīquis, nēquis and numquis). Compare aliquis, aliqua, aliquid. Quae can also be used instead of quă. Quă is never used as an interrogative pronoun/determiner, relative pronoun/determiner, or feminine nominative plural.
Feminine quis and quem are attested mainly in early Latin authors (Ennius, Pacuvius, and Plautus).

• An archaic form of the nominative plural is quēs (found on the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus).

限定詞

quis or quī (feminine quae, neuter quod); relative/interrogative pronoun

1. (alternative nominative singular form of interrogative determiner quī) which; what
   • 29 BCE, Vergilius, Georgics 2.177–178:

     Nunc locus arvorum ingeniis, quae robora cuique,
     quis color et quae sit rebus natura ferendis.

     Now give we place to the genius of soils, the strength of each, its hue, its native power for bearing.

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneid 1.615, (exclamatory):

     Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus / insequitur? quae vis immanibus applicat oris?

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneid 3.317:

     heu! quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto / excipit? aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit, / Hectoris Andromache?

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 116 CE, Tacitus, Annales 1.48:

     Tunc signo inter se dato inrumpunt contubernia, trucidant ignaros, nullo nisi consciis noscente quod caedis initium, quis finis.

     Then, passing the signal to one another, they broke into the tents and struck down their unsuspecting victims; while no one, apart from those in the secret, knew how the massacre had begun or where it was to end.

語形変化

See quī.

派生語

関連する語

• cuiās
• cuius
• quī
• quod

派生した語

See qui.

語源 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈkʷiːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkʷis]

動詞

quīs

1. second-person singular present active indicative of queō

参照

Further reading

• “quis , quid, pron. interrog.”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “quis , quid, pron. interrog.”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “quis , quid, pron. indef.”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “quis , quid, pron. indef.”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “quis”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN