司作世の英語

摂関政治、官司請負、家業の継承が始まった10世紀前半は、その後の貴族社会において最重要事項とされた朝廷儀式・宗教儀式の標準作法が形成された時期でもある。例文帳に追加

The first half of the tenth century, when Sessho and Kanpaku-based politics, the Kanshiukeoi system, and the inheritance of such a family businesses started, was also the era when standard styles of rituals in the Imperial court and religious rituals were established.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

加地子（かじし）は、日本の中世において、荘園領主・国衙（国司）へ納入する年貢・地子の他に、名主などの在地領主に対して納入した米（作得米）を指す租税の一形態。例文帳に追加

The term Kajishi (加地子) means rice (sakutokumai) delivered as a tax to a resident land-owner like myoshu (owner of rice fields) in the Japanese medieval period on top of nengu (customs)/jishi (land tax) for the lord of shoen (manor)/kokuga (provincial government officials) (kokushi (provincial governor)).発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

津田左右吉は、1930年の『日本上代史研究』において、十七条憲法に登場する「国司国造」という言葉や書かれている内容は推古朝当時の政治体制と合わず、後世すなわち『日本書紀』編纂ごろに作成されたものであろうとした。例文帳に追加

Sokichi TSUDA stated in "Nippon jodaishi kenkyu"(Research in the ancient history of Japan) published in 1930 that the terms such as 'Kokushi and Kuni no miyatsuko' (provincial governors and the heads of local governments) as well as the contents written in The 17-Article Constitution did not match the political system of the time of the reign of Empress Suiko, and that it was therefore established at a later time, i.e. around the time when the "Nihonshoki" was compiled.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。例文帳に追加

It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the "Seishi Kakei Jiten" (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀（秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎）による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊（巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊）による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬（世界最強火薬）、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。例文帳に追加

The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

荘園公領制が成立する12世紀には耕作者が公領・荘園のいずれを耕していようとも公領居住者は公民、荘園居住者は荘民であるとする原則、そして国司は公民には令制国の賦役はかけられるが荘民にはそれができないという原則が確立されていた（大治(日本)4年12月3日(旧暦)明法家勘文）。例文帳に追加

By the twelfth century when the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) came into force, the rule, in which the residents of koryo were regarded as komin and the residents of shoen were regarded as shomin, regardless of whether the cultivator works in the fields that belong to koryo or shoen, was established; and further, the rule in which the Kokushi (an officer of local government) can impose the fueki (corvee) of the province on komin, but not on shomin, was founded on January 21, 1130, according to Myobo-ke kanmon (Report by Judicial Officials).発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている（ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた）。例文帳に追加

Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called "zakkoseki," and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.発音を聞く  - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス