英和和英

語源

Uncertain; the traditional view (supported by ancient grammarians) connects it with the Ancient Greek πόῤῥω (pórrhō), similar in form and meaning. However, the old form of this Greek word, πρόσω (prósō), would not easily align with the derivation of the Latin word. Moreover, adverbs are not usually borrowed from other languages. In all probability related to Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

De Vaan clarifies the archaic Praenestinian Latino-Faliscan POROD is not an ablative, and mentions a very tentative derivation, by Nussbaum, of Proto-Indo-European *pro- + an adverbial -s + the suffix -ō observed in Latin intrō, ultrō, contrōversia, effectively *prs-ō > *porsō > porrō.

副詞

porrō (not comparable)

1. (of motion) on, forward, onward
   • c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon 3.5.65:

     Inde ībis porrō in latomiās lapidāriās.

     From there you’ll go on in the stone quarries.

   1. (of giving something received) forward
      • 7th – 5th C. BCE, CIL I 560 d; published in Ernst Lommatzch, Theodor Mommsen, editors, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, volume I, fascicle 2, Berlin, 1918, page 430:

        FERI·POROD

        Give forward

        Note: The phrase is written underneath a drawing of a slave in the kitchen, helping with the preparation of a meal for the Lares, handing another worker a plate of food.

      • 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio 5.921–923:

        DĒMIPHŌ. Sed trānsī sōdēs ad forum atque illud mihī
        argentum rūrsum iubĕ rescrībī, Phormiō.
        PHORMIŌ. Quodne ego dīscrīpsī porrō illīs quibŭs dēbuī?

        DEMIPHO. But go over to the forum if you will and order that
        silver to be returned to my account, Phormio.
        PHORMIO. That which I’ve transferred forward to my creditors?

2. (static; Old Latin, Late Latin, poetic) away, yonder
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 6.710–712:

     Horrēscit vīsū subitō causāsque requīrit
     īnscius Aenēās, quae sint ea flūmina porrō,
     quīve virī tantō complērint agmine rīpās?

     Aeneas is scared at the sudden sight and asks,
     ignorant, for the causes: which might those yonder rivers be,
     and which men might fill the banks with such a multitude?

3. (of motion; Old Latin, Late Latin; rare outside of etymological glosses) outwards, away, outside
   • 2nd–3rd C. CE, Pomponius Porphyrio, Scholia on Horace, Odes 1.12.37; published in Alfred Holder, editor, Scholia antiqva in Q. Horativm Flaccvm, volume I, Arno Press, 1984, page 20:

     Prōdigī enim dīcuntur propriē, quī bona sua ā sē dispergunt, quasi porrō ea ab sē agentēs.

     Prodigals are called those who scatter their wealth, as if “directing it away from themselves”.

4. (Late Latin; only in the work cited) synonym of ūsque
   • p. 384 CE, Egeria, Itinerarium Egeriae 36.3:

     Quī locus ad quod lectus fuerit, tantus rugītus et mūgītus totīus populī est cum flētū, ut forsitan porrō ad cīvitātem gemitus populī omnis audītus sit.

     Which place, when it had been read up to it, there’s such a roar and bellow of the people with crying, that the groan of the entire crowd was perhaps heard all the way to the city.

5. then
   1. (in speaking, listening, argumentation) then, furthermore, besides
      • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 4.5.23:

        Sed porrō auscultā quod superest fallaciae.

        Listen, besides, to the rest of the stratagem.

      • 84 BCE, Cicero, De inventione 1.34.59:

        Huius assūmptiōnis quārtō in locō aliam porrō indūcunt approbātiōnem, hōc modō: […]

        Then, in the fourth place, they introduce another proof of this assumption, like this: […]

      • c. 186 CE, Martial, Epigrams, preface to book II:

        “Quid nōbīs” inquis “cum epistulā? Parum enim tibi praestāmus, sī legimus epigrammata? Quid hīc porrō dictūrus es quod nōn possīs versibus dīcere?”

        “What do we” you say “have to do with a letter? are we supporting you too little if we read your epigrams? Besides, what are you going to say here that you couldn’t in verse?”

   2. (temporal) then, afterwards, thereafter, in the future
      • 59 BCE – 17 CE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 40.36:

        Lēgātus ad ea, quae interrogātus erat, respondit neque sē neque quemquam alium dīvīnāre posse, quid in animō Celtibērī habērent aut porrō habitūrī essent.

        To what he had been asked the legate responded that neither he nor anyone else could predict what the Celtiberians intended or were going to intend in the future.

   3. (in enumerations) then, and
      • c. 125 CE – 180 CE, Apuleius, Metamorphoses 11.8:

        Hic incīnctus balteō mīlitem gerēbat, illum succīnctum chlamyde crepidēs et vēnābula vēnātōrem fēcerant, alius soccīs obaurātīs inductus sēricā veste mundōque prētiōsō et attextīs capite crīnibus incessū perfluō fēminam mentiēbātur. Porrō alium ocreīs scutō galeā ferrōque īnsīgnem ē lūdō putārēs gladiātōriō prōcēdere.

        One, strapped with a sword-belt, pretended to be a soldier, sandals and spears made another, girt with a cloak, a hunter, and another one, dressed in gilded slippers was imitating a woman with his silken garment, costly jewellery and long hair attached to the head, with a flowing gait. Then another, distinguished with greaves, helmet and sword, you’d have thought to come straight from the gladiator school.

      • 4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Numbers 26:20–21:

        Fuēruntque fīliī Jūda per cognātiōnēs suās: Sēla, ā quō familia Sēlaītārum: Phares, ā quō familia Pharesītārum: Zare, ā quō familia Zareītārum. Porrō filii Phares: Hesrōn, ā quō familia Hesrōnītārum: et Hamūl, ā quō familia Hamūlītārum.

        And the sons of Judah after their families were: of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites; of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites; of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites. And the sons of Pharez were: of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites; of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites.

6. (of an action continued) further, on
   • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 45.1–4:

     Acmēn Septimius suōs amōrēs
     tenēns in gremiō “Mea” inquit, “Acmē,
     nī te perditē amō atque amāre porrō
     omnēs sum adsiduē parātus annōs […]

     Septimius, holding Acme his love
     in his lap said “My Acme,
     if I don’t love you consumately, and am not prepared
     for all the years to come to love you further […]

   • 143 CE, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Epistles to Emperor Marcus Aurelius 1.3:

     Tuus igitur iste amor incultus et sine ratiōne exortus, spērō, cum cedrīs porrō adolēscet et aesculīs.

     Thus, I hope this love of yours, unplanted and sprung up without reason, shall grow on with the cedars and oaks.

7. in turn
   • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 68.45–46:

     Sed dīcam vōbīs, vōs porrō dīcite multīs
          mīlibus et facite haec charta loquātur anus.

     But I shall tell you, you, in turn, tell it to many
          thousands and let this paper speak in old age.

   • 45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 2.19.61:

     Quod quidem eius factum nisi esset iūre laudātum, nōn esset imitātus quārtō cōnsulātū suō fīlius, neque porrō ex eō nātus cum Pyrrhō bellum gerēns cōnsul cecidisset in proeliō sēque ē continentī genere tertiam victimam reī pūblicae praebuisset.

     Had his [‌Publius Decius Mus'] deed not been deservedly praised, his son wouldn't have imitated him during his fourth consulate, nor would his son in turn have fallen in battle waging war on Pyrrhus and offered himself to the Republic a third victim from his kind.

8. (somewhat rare) on the other hand, but
   • c. 42 BCE, Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Bellum Catilinae 46.2:

     At illum ingēns cūra atque laetitia simul occupāvēre. Nam laetābātur intellegēns coniūrātiōne patefactā cīvitātem perīculīs ēreptam esse; porrō autem ānxius erat, dubitāns in maxumō scelere tantīs cīvibus dēprehēnsīs, quid factō opus esset.

     But a great worry and joy filled him. For he rejoiced, understanding the city to be outside of peril, the plot being disclosed; on the other hand he was worried, not knowing what should be done, so many citizens having been caught in the greatest crime.

   • c. 360 CE, Hilary of Poitiers, Commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew 6.3 in Patrologia Latina (volume 9), Jacques-Paul Migne (editor), 1844, page 952:

     Arduum in coelum iter hominis est, et aditus angustus ac tenuis: cēterum perditiōnis via lāta est. Īlanc plūrēs obtinent, illam porrō paucī inveniunt.

     Uphill is the road of man to heaven, and the gate is narrow and small: on the other hand, the way of damnation is broad. The latter many conquer, while the former but few find.

   • 4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Luke 11:19–20:

     Sī autem ego in Beelzebūb ēiciō daemonia, fīliī vestrī in quō ēiciunt? Ideō ipsī iūdicēs vestrī erunt. Porrō sī in digitō Deī ēiciō daemonia, profectō pervenit in vōs rēgnum Deī.

     And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast them out? therefore shall they be your judges. But if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you.

9. (very rare, chiefly Late Latin, often with another adverb) (back) then, in the past
   • 8 CE, Ovidius, Fasti 1.635–636:

     Altera quod porrō fuerat cecinisse putātur,
     altera ventūrum postmodo quicquid erat.

     One is thought to have sung what was in the past,
     the other whatever was going to come.

   • 5th C. CE, Anianus of Celeda (translator), Homilies on Matthew 2.2, original author: John Chrysostom, in Patrologia Graeca (volume 58), Jacques-Paul Migne (editor), 1862, page 990:

     Ūsque adeō enim istud mīrābile erat, et nūllī ante prōrsus audītum, ut etiam angelī in chorum eārum rērum grātiā collēctī, tōtīus orbis nōmine propter ista glōriam concinerent, faustamque attollerent acclāmātiōnem; et prophetae porrō ante cum admīrātiōne praedīcerent: Quoniam super terram vīsus est, et cum hominibus conversātus est.

     For this [the First Coming] was so wonderful, and unheard to anyone before, that even angels, gathered in a choir by grace of these facts, sung in the name of the whole world for the glory, and raised up an auspicious acclamation; and prophets back then foretold with wonder: Afterwards he was seen upon earth, and conversed with men. (Baruch 3:38)

派生語

派生した語

• Old Occitan: por

名詞

porrō

1. ablative/dative singular of porrum

参照

Further reading

• “porro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “porro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “porro”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “porrō” in volume X 1, column 2766, line 31 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present