英和和英

語源

From 中期英語 catel, from Anglo-Norman catel (“personal property”), from Old Northern French (compare French cheptel, Old French chetel, chatel, also English chattel) from Medieval Latin capitāle, from Latin capitālis (“of the head”) (whence also capital, from caput (“head”) + -alis (“-al”)). For the sense evolution, compare pecuniary and fee. Also compare Russian поголо́вье (pogolóvʹje, “total number of livestock”) from Russian голова́ (golová, “head”). Doublet of capital and chattel.

発音

• (without t-flapping) IPA: /ˈkætəl/, [ˈkʰætʰəl] ~ [ˈkʰætʰl̩]
• (t-flapping) IPA: /ˈkæɾəl/, [ˈkʰæɾəl] ~ [ˈkʰæɾl̩]
• 韻: -ætəl
• ハイフネーション: cat‧tle

名詞

cattle pl (normally plural, singular cattle)

1. Domesticated animal of the species Bos taurus (cows, bulls, steers, oxen etc), and other hoofed mammals of the genus Bos.

   Many cattle were suffering from a disease called BSE.

2. Certain other livestock, such as sheep, pigs or goats. Also rarely applied to horses.
   • 1848, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 29, in Vanity Fair‎, page 246:

     Mr. Jos had hired a pair of horses for his open carriage, with which cattle, and the smart London vehicle, he made a very tolerable figure in the drives about Brussels.

   • 1859, Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities‎, Book the First, chapter 2:

     The Dover mail was in its usual genial position that the guard suspected the passengers, the passengers suspected one another and the guard, they all suspected everybody else, and the coachman was sure of nothing but the horses; as to which cattle he could with a clear conscience have taken his oath on the two Testaments that they were not fit for the journey.

   • 1923, Norwegian Trade Review, numbers 6-8, page 39:

     Mangcorn is utilized partly as human food, and partly as fodder for cattle, especially for fattening swine, for which purpose it is considered peculiarly adapted.

3. (derogatory, figuratively) People who resemble domesticated bovine animals in behavior or destiny.
   • 1934, Ernest Bramah, The Bravo of London:

     "Come, that will do," interrupted Joolby with an impatient growl; "talk, talk, talk—that's all it ever comes to with your kind of cattle. Do you still think that you are playing at charades, girl? […] "

   • 1961, Gerald Hanley, The Journey Homeward‎, page 155:

     "I always knew it, but I always denied it, because I'm one of them, and I'm like them." ¶"We're just cattle," the Prison Governor said, relieved now.

4. (obsolete, English law, sometimes countable, plural cattles) chattel

   goods and cattle

   • 1552, Parliament of England, An Act for the Uniformity of Common Prayer, and Service in the Church, and Administration of the Sacraments‎:

     That then every person so offending and convict, shall for his third offence, forfeit to our Sovereign Lady the Queen, all his goods and cattles, and shall suffer imprisonment during his life.

   • 1684, Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, in New England, published 1856:

     1684 July. Mistris Dorothy Gray, Adminnestratrix of the Goods and Cattles of Mr Edward Gray, late of Plymouth, deceased, […]

5. (uncountable, rare) Used in restricted contexts to refer to the meat derived from cattle.
   • a. 1964, Stephen Henry Roberts, The Squatting Age in Australia, 1835-1847‎, Melbourne University Press, published 1964, page 315:

     The temptation of a lone white man was too great for any gathering of myall-natives, and sheep-fat and cattle-steak seemed there for the spearing, so that a stockman always ran the risk of attack, especially if his shepherds interfered with the native women.

   • a. 1978, Barry Hannah, “Eating Wife and Friends”, in Airships, Grove Press, published 1994, →ISBN, page 137:

     “But you cooked a human being and ate him,” say I.
     “I couldn’t help it,” says she. “I remember the cattle steaks of the old days, the juicy pork, the dripping joints of lamb, the venison.”

   • 1996 April 3, Emmett Jordan, “Re: AR activist arrested for spreading 'Mad Cow' disease in US”, in rec.food.veg‎ (Usenet):

     Believe it or not Big Mac is one of the ultra radicals who provide fast food cattle burgers to interstate vehicles who drive all over the place providing scraps for rats, cats, flies, etc, so that the Mad Cow Disease might spread even faster than it would otherwise do.

   • 2005 June 25, "Serge" (username), "Re: WOW!!!! WHALE BURGERS...... McDonalds Don't You Get Any Ideas", in aus.politics and other newsgroups, Usenet:

     If a particular whale species isn't endangered, then there's not a blind bit of difference between butchering them or cattle.

     Whale burgers. Cattle burgers......no difference!

使用する際の注意点

• For the animals themselves, "cattle" is normally only used in the plural.
• A: How many cattle do you have ? B: I have fifteen cattle.

There is no universally accepted singular generic word for "cattle", although the term cattlebeast is used in some regions, and there is the archaic neat. In Commonwealth English, in agricultural jargon, beast is usually understood to refer to a bovine rather than a different species, perhaps because all the other types of farm animal have common singulars. When a precise formal term is required, constructions such as "domestic bovine" or "domestic bovine animal" can be used. For many people, only sex-specific words such as "bull" and "cow" are used for adults, "calf" for the young, etc., though especially children will use "cow" for all three (as in cowboy).

• There are five cows and a calf in that herd of cattle.

Where the sex is unknown, "cow" is sometimes used (although properly a cow is only an adult female).

• Is that a cow in the road?

The phrase "head of cattle" may be used without regard for sex. Chiefly in Indian English, this has also given rise to the compound cattlehead.

• One head of cattle
• He sold 50 head of cattle last year.

Occasionally "cattle" may be found in singular use:

• First I saw the mandible, which looked a bit like a strange-shaped cattle; then I saw the cervical vertebrae, which looked like a horse ("Intact Ottoman 'war camel' found in Austrian cellar", BBC, 2015 April 02)

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:cattle.

同意語

• (domesticated bovine animals): beef, Bos (scientific), bovine, cattlebeast, cattlehead, neat, kine
• (people who resemble domesticated bovine animals in behavior or destiny): sheeple (pejorative)

派生語

関連する語

参考

動詞

cattle (third-person singular simple present cattles, present participle cattling, simple past and past participle cattled)

1. (transitive, Cockney rhyming slang) Ellipsis of cattle truck (“to fuck: to break, destroy”).
   • 2002 February 8, The Natural Philosopher, “Re: Rayburn problems”, in uk.d-i-y‎ (Usenet):

     I would talk to rayburn, and the people who converted it..I have assumed from what you said that it was an old coal burner converted...or is it a revamped oil burner? In which case the revampers may have cattled it..

関連する語

アナグラム

• Catlet, catlet, cattel, tectal