英和和英

別の表記

• -in', -in (colloquial)
• -ïng (rare or nonstandard)

発音

• IPA: /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
• (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent, without the NG-coalescence) IPA: /ɪŋɡ/
• (Kent, some dialects of General Australian, without the NG-coalescence) IPA: /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
  • Homophone: ink
• (Upper Midwestern 米国発音, Northwestern 米国発音, Canada, pre-/ŋ/-tensing) IPA: /in/, /iŋ/
  • Homophone: een

語源 1

Inherited from 中期英語 -ing, -yng, -ynge, from 古期英語 -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō (“-ing”).

接尾辞

-ing

1. Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
   1. As true nouns.

      My hearing is not good.

      I have had several meetings with him.

   2. As gerunds.

      Smoking marijuana cigarettes daily is bad for your health.

      She has a habit of sleeping late.

      I like meeting people.

2. Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.

   Roofing is material that is used to roof.

   Clothing is material with which one is clothed.

   The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

使用する際の注意点

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

the activating of the weapon must be stopped

the act of activating the weapon must be stopped

the activation of the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

同意語

• (act of doing something, action): -tion, -ment
• (activity): -ery, -ment
• (collection): -age, -ery

派生語

(collection):

参考

• (collection): work

語源 2

From 中期英語 -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from 古期英語 -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, Afrikaans -ende, German -end, Low German -end, Danish -ende, Swedish -ande, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant), Polish -ący, -ąc, Czech -oucí, Ukrainian -учий (-učyj), Serbo-Croatian -ući/-ући. More at -and.

接尾辞

-ing

1. Used to form present participles of verbs.

   Rolling stones gather no moss.

   My new cabin, which is going to look over the lake, is getting a brand new roof this winter.

   I wondered what time the play was starting.

   Anybody touching this wire will get a deadly shock.

   When it occurred, I was flying to New York a great deal.

   We were boogieing from midnight until three o’clock in the morning.

   It's a very creative job, allowing us a great deal of latitude.

   Refusing to apologise, I stormed out the room. I'm regretting doing such a stupid thing already.

   • a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”

     If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

語源 3

From 中期英語 -ynge, from 古期英語 -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

接尾辞

-ing

1. (no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.

   Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing

   Browning, Channing, Ewing

   ‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting

   ‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling

   ‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing

2. Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

   ‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting

   ‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting

   ‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding

派生語

参考

• -ed

参照

Further reading

• James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing¹”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 281–282.
• James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing²”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282.
• James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “-ing³”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volume V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 282, column 2.

アナグラム

• IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

語源 1

Variant of -ung.

別の表記

• -ung

接尾辞

-ing f

1. Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

語形変化

Strong ō-stem:

派生語

語源 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

接尾辞

-ing m

1. Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

接尾辞

-ing

1. alternative form of -ynge (gerund)

語源 2

接尾辞

-ing

1. alternative form of -ynge (present participle)

語源 3

接尾辞

-ing

1. alternative form of -yng

派生語

• Ing-Manske procedure

アナグラム

• IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

発音

• IPA: /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]
• 韻: -inɡ

固有名詞

Ing m

1. a male given name from legend
   • 8th or 9th century, Unknown, Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem:

     Ing wæs ǣrest · mid Ēastdenum
     ġesewen seċġum, · oþ hē sīþþan ēast
     ofer wæġ ġewāt, · wæn after rann;
     þus Heardingas · þone hæle nemdon.

     Ing was first among the Eastern Danes seen by men, until he soon afterwards departed over the ways, a wain followed after. Thus bold men named this hero.

2. the runic character ᛝ (/ŋɡ, ŋ/)
   • The Old English rune poem

     ᛝ wæs ǣrest mid Ēastdenum gesewen seċġun...

     Ing was at first seen by men Among the East Danes...

語形変化

U-stem (masculine):

派生した語

• → English: Ing (learned)