英和和英

語源

From Late 中期英語, from Medieval Latin externus (“outward, external”), from exter/exterus (“on the outside, outward”).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɪkˈstɜː.nəl/, /ɛkˈstɜː.nəl/
• (General American, Canada) IPA: /ɛkˈstɜɹ.nəl/, /ɪkˈstɜɹ.nəl/
• (General Australian) IPA: /ɪkˈstɜː.nəl/, /ekˈstɜː.nəl/
• (Indic) IPA: /ˈɛks.ʈə(r).nəl/, [ɛ(ː)ks.ʈɜ(ː)(ɾ).nɐl]
• 韻: -ɜː(ɹ)nəl

形容詞

external (comparative more external, superlative most external)

1. Outside of something; on the exterior.

   This building has some external pipework.

   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

     Her virtues graced with external gifts.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book V”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Of all external things, […] / She [Fancy] forms imaginations, aery shapes.

   1. (anatomy) Situated near or toward the surface of the body.
   2. (pharmacology, relational) Relating to or denoting a medicine or similar substance for use on the outside of the body.
2. Capable of being perceived outwardly.
   1. Having merely the outward appearance of something.

      Synonym: superficial

   2. Not intrinsic or essential.

      Synonyms: accidental, accompanying; see also Thesaurus:extrinsic

      • 1850, Richard Chenevix Trench, Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:

        The external circumstances are greatly different.

3. Provided by something or someone outside of the entity (object, group, company etc.) considered.

   external authority, external force

4. Relating to or connected with foreign nations or institutions.

   Synonym: foreign

   external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom

5. Having existence independent of the mind.

   external reality

6. (education) For or concerning students registered with and taking the examinations of a university but not resident there.

   external degrees

7. (computing, of a hardware) Not contained in the main computer.

   Synonym: peripheral

8. (computing, of storage) Using a disk or tape drive rather than the main memory.

反意語

• internal

派生語

名詞

external (plural externals)

1. (usually in the plural) The exterior; outward features or appearances.
   1. Inessential or superficial features.
      • 1979 December 22, S. J. Harris, “Life And Spirit”, in Gay Community News, volume 2, number 22, page 5:

        To a non-Christian who has never experienced but only observed the externals of Christianity, it appears to be merely another spiritual system, but to a person who has left one of the other religions and embraced the Christian faith, it is most definitely The Way, and all else pales to insignificance.

   2. Outward appearance.
      • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXV, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 298:

        They had been such declared, such personal enemies, that, even in a court, it seemed wonderful how a decent external could be given to their reconciliation.

      • 1934, Ernest Bramah, The Bravo of London

        He was indeed a creature who by externals at all events had more in common with another genus than with that humanity among which fate had cast him, and his familiar nickname of "The Toad" crudely indicated what that species might be.

2. (programming, in the C language) A variable that is defined in the source code but whose value comes from some external source.

参照

• “external”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “external”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Further reading

• “external”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “external”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “external”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.