gemmaとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Learned borrowing from Latin gemma (“bud on a plant”). Doublet of gem and Gemma.

名詞

gemma (複数形 gemmas または gemmae)

1. (biology) An asexual reproductive structure, as found in animals such as hydra (genus Hydra) and plants such as liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), consisting of a cluster of cells from which new individuals can develop; a bud.

   Synonym: (古風な用法) gemmule

   • 1969, Rudolf Mathias Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume 1, Columbia University Press, page 527:

     I know of no other genera with such intramarginal formation of true gemmae.

   • 1990, Anthony John Edwin Smith, The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, page 2:

     Gemmae are frequently longer than wide or of irregular shape.
     According to Degenkolbe, gemmae-bearing leaves are always different in form from normal leaves.

   • 2005, R. N. Chopra, Biology of Bryophytes, page 32:

     In Marchantia polymorpha, high temperature promotes germination of gemmae (Dacknowski, 1907), and heat absorbed by the gemmae accelerates their germination (Fitting, 1942).

派生語

• gemmal
• gemmoid

アナグラム

• Megam

Latin

語源

Unknown. Possibilities include:

• Cognate with Proto-Slavic *zębnǫti and Lithuanian žémbėti, both meaning “to germinate, sprout”, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵemb- or *ǵeb- (“to bud, sprout”), though such a root would be irregular for PIE;^[1][2]
• From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ- (“nail, tooth”), despite the semantic gap;
• From Proto-Italic *gen- (“to produce”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-; compare gignō and genus;
• A non-Indo-European substrate source. The unusual form of the word, the lack of clear cognates and the semantic category of the word make this hypothesis likely.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɡem.ma/, [ˈɡɛmːä]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒem.ma/, [ˈd͡ʒɛmːä]

名詞

gemma f (genitive gemmae); first declension

1. A bud or eye of a plant.
2. A gem, gemstone, jewel, precious stone.
3. A thing made of precious stones.

語形変化

First-declension noun.

派生語

• gemmārius
• gemmātus
• gemmeus
• gemmifer
• gemmō
• gemmula

派生した語

• Asturian: xema, ema
• Catalan: gemma
• Danish: gemme
• French: gemme
  • → Romanian: gemă
• → English: gemma (learned)
• → Interlingua: gemma
• Italian: gemma
• → Russian: гемма (gemma)
• Old Galician-Portuguese: gema
  • Galician: xema
  • Portuguese: gema
• Old Spanish: yema
  • Spanish: yema
    • → Cebuano: yema
• → Spanish: gema (learned)
  • → Catalan: gema (dialectal, Castilianism)
• → Proto-West Germanic: *gimmu (see there for further descendants)

参照

Further reading

• “gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “gemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• gemma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• gemma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the trees are budding: gemmae proveniunt
    
• “gemma”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “gemma”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin