英和和英

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ʃɑːk/
• (General American) IPA: /ʃɑɹk/
• Homophone: shock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)
• 韻: -ɑː(ɹ)k

語源 1

From 中期英語 shark (used by Thomas Beckington in 1442 to refer to a kind of fish), of uncertain origin. Most likely from a semantic extension of the German-derived shark (“scoundrel”), see below. The fish was originally called a dogfish or haye in English and 中期英語. Its name in 古期英語 is unknown, although some uses of the word hranfisċ that do not appear to carry the sense of "whale" may have been referencing it.

名詞

shark (countable and uncountable, plural sharks)

1. (ichthyology, countable) Any predatory fish of the superorder Selachimorpha, with a cartilaginous skeleton and 5 to 7 gill slits on each side of its head.
   • 1569, The true discripcion of this marueilous straunge Fishe, whiche was taken on Thursday was sennight, the xvi. day of June, this present month, in the yeare of our Lord God, M.D.lxix., a broadside printed in London, the second earliest known use of the term; reprinted in A Collection of Seventy-Nine Black-Letter Ballads and Broadsides: printed in the reigh of Queen Elizabeth, between the years 1559 and 1597 in 1867:

     The straunge fishe is in length xvij. foote and iij. foote broad, and in compas about the bodie vj. foote; and is round snowted, short headdid, hauing iij. rankes of teeth on either iawe, [...]. Also it hath v. gills of eache side of the head, shoing white. Ther is no proper name for it that I know, but that sertayne men of Captayne Haukinses doth call it a sharke.

   • 2011 October 13, AP, “Man 'surfs' great white shark”, in The Guardian:

     He said he had spoken to a woman who was kayaking off Catalina Island, California, in 2008 when a shark slammed her kayak from underneath and sent her flying into the air. She then landed on the back of the shark, Collier said. "At that point the shark started to swim out to sea, so she jumped off its back," Collier said.

2. (uncountable) Flesh of this animal, consumed as food.
   • 1987, John D.Stevens, editor, Sharks, New York, N.Y: Facts on File, page 195:

     Shark has traditionally, although in some secrecy, been a staple food in European, American and Australian food.

3. (paleontology, loosely) Any fish of the class Chondrichthyes, especially an extinct shark-like holocephalian.
   • 2024, John Long, The Secret History of Sharks: The Rise of the Ocean's Most Fearsome Predators, New York: Ballantine Books, page 17:

     Cladoselache, a well-preserved Devonian shark fossil from Ohio. Here the cartilages and some muscle tissues are preserved intact

4. A freshwater fish that resembles a true shark (Selachimorpha) in appearance or movement; a freshwater shark.
   1. Any fish in the genus Epalzeorhynchos.
   2. Any fish in the genus Balantiocheilos.
   3. An iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus).
   4. A roseline shark (Dawkinsia denisonii).
   5. A paroon shark (Pangasius sanitwongsei).
5. (countable) A noctuid moth of species Cucullia umbratica.
6. (UK, university slang, countable) A university student who is not a fresher that has engaged in sexual activity with a fresher; usually habitually and with multiple people.

別の表記

• sharke (obsolete)

同意語

• (cartilaginous fish of Selachimorpha): haye (obsolete)

派生語

動詞

shark (third-person singular simple present sharks, present participle sharking, simple past and past participle sharked)

1. (intransitive, rare) To fish for sharks.
2. (UK, university slang, mildly derogatory) Of a university student who is not a fresher (first-year undergraduate), and especially towards the start of the academic year:
   1. (transitive) To engage in sexual activity with a fresher.
   2. (intransitive) To cruise for casual sex with a fresher at a bar or club.

参考

参照

• shark on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Selachimorpha on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
• Category:Selachimorpha on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons
• shark meat on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• shark (moth) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

語源 2

From German Schurke (“scoundrel”); compare Dutch schurk.

名詞

shark (plural sharks)

1. Someone who exploits others, for example by trickery, lies, usury, extortion.
   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 85:

     “[…] Churchill, my dear fellow, we have such greedy sharks, and wolves in lamb's clothing. Oh, dear, there's so much to tell you, so many warnings to give you, but all that must be postponed for the moment.”

   • 1920, Agatha Christie, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published 1954, page 15:

     “Look after her, Mr. Hastings. My poor Emily. They’re a lot of sharks—all of them. Oh, I know what I’m talking about. There isn’t one of them that’s not hard up and trying to get money out of her. I’ve protected her as much as I could. Now I’m out of the way, they’ll impose upon her.”

2. (informal, derogatory) A sleazy and amoral lawyer.
3. (informal, derogatory) An ambulance chaser.
4. (informal) A relentless and resolute person or group, especially in business.
   • 2018 June 17, Barney Ronay, “Mexico’s Hirving Lozano stuns world champions Germany for brilliant win”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 5 August 2019:

     In the event they lacked a proper midfield bolt, with Toni Kroos and Sami Khedira huffing around in pursuit of the whizzing green machine. The centre-backs looked flustered, left to deal with three on two as Mexico broke. Löw’s 4-2-3-1 seemed antiquated and creaky, with the old World Cup shark Thomas Müller flat-footed in a wide position.

5. A person that excels in a particular field.
   1. (informal, proscribed) A very good poker or pool player. Compare fish (a bad poker player).
6. (sports and games) A person who feigns ineptitude to win money from others.

使用する際の注意点

• The use of the term by people unfamiliar with pool is rarely well perceived by experienced players.

同意語

• (player who feigns ineptitude to win money): hustler

派生語

動詞

shark (third-person singular simple present sharks, present participle sharking, simple past and past participle sharked)

1. (obsolete) To steal or obtain through fraud.
   • Shakespeare and others, Sir Thomas More (c. 1593) act 2, sc. 4: "Other ruffians...Would shark on you."
2. (obsolete, intransitive) To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle.
   • 1628, John Earle, Microcosmography:

     Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning.

3. (obsolete, intransitive) To live by shifts and stratagems.
   • 1612–1613, Nathan Field, John Fletcher, Philip Massinger, “The Honest Mans Fortune”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, Act III, scene i, pages 161–162:

     Ah Captaine, lay not all the fault upon Officers you know you can ſhark though you be out of action, witneſſe Montague.

   • 1650, John Trapp, “A Commentary or Exposition upon the Proverbs of Solomon. [Chapter XIV.]”, in Solomonis Πανάρετος: Or, A Commentarie upon the Books of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs. […], London: […] T[homas] R[atcliffe] and E[dward] M[ottershead] for John Bellamie, […], →OCLC, page 147:

     But a good man ſhall be ſatisfied from himſelf] For he hath a ſpring vvithin his ovvn breaſt, he needs not ſharke abroad: he hath an autarkie, a ſelf-ſufficiency, 1 Tim[othy] 6.6.

派生語

• shirk

語源 3

Probably from the "steal" senses above, but perhaps related to shear. Compare shirk.

動詞

shark (third-person singular simple present sharks, present participle sharking, simple past and past participle sharked)

1. (obsolete) To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly.
   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     Fortenbraſſe […] Hath […] Sharkt vp a ſight of lawleſſe Reſolutes […]

参照

Further reading

• “shark”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “shark”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

アナグラム

• harks, HKSAR, Kahrs

名詞

shark

1. (hapax legomenon) shark
   • 1442, Thomas Beckington, edited by George Williams, Memorials of the Reign of King Henry VI. Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, Secretary to King Henry VI., and Bishop of Bath and Wells., volume II (in Latin), London: Longman & Co., and Trübner & Co., […], published 1872, page 184:

     In mare contigebat le calm, et circiter horam vij in sero per æstimationem navem sequebatur piscis vocatus le Shark, qui quidem piscis percutiebatur bis cum uno harpingyren et recessit; […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

派生した語

• English: shark

参照

• “shark, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.