foamとは意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English fom, foom, from 古期英語 fām, from Proto-West Germanic *faim, from Proto-Germanic *faimaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with German Feim (“foam”), Latin spūma (“foam”), Latin pūmex (“pumice”), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam”), possibly Northern Kurdish fê (“epilepsy”).

発音

• (General American) enPR: fōm, IPA^(key): /foʊm/
• (Received 発音) enPR: fōm, IPA^(key): /fəʊm/
• 韻: -əʊm

名詞

foam (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 foams)

1. A substance composed of a large collection of bubbles or their solidified remains, especially:

   Synonym: froth

   • 2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:

     Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.

   1. A collection of small bubbles created when the surface of a body of water is moved by tides, wind, etc.

      Synonyms: surf, spindrift, spume, spray

      • c. 1605–1608, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i]:

        ’Tis thou that rigg’st the bark and plough’st the foam,

      • 1798, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in Lyrical Ballads, London: J. & A. Arch, p. 12,^[1]

        The breezes blew, the white foam flew, / The furrow follow’d free: / We were the first that ever burst / Into that silent Sea.

      • 1838, Edgar Allan Poe, “Siope” in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1840, Volume 2, p. 22,^[2]

        And the heaven became livid with the violence of the tempest […] and the river was tormented into foam […]

      • 1969, Elechi Amadi, The Great Ponds, London: Heinemann, 1970, Chapter 5, p. 45,^[3]

        Many [of the fish-traps] were full of fish that raised foam as they splashed about.

   2. A collection of small bubbles formed from bodily fluids such as saliva or sweat.
      • 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], chapter 45, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, または III), London: Richard Bentley, […], OCLC 558204586, page 190:

        “Again. Tell it again!” cried Fagin, tightening his grasp on Sikes, and brandishing his other hand aloft as the foam flew from his lips.

      • 1954, C. S. Lewis, The Horse and His Boy, London: Collins, 1974, Chapter 9, p. 118,^[4]

        The horses were flecked with foam and their breathing was noisy.

   3. A collection of small bubbles on the surface of a liquid that is heated, fermented or carbonated.

      Synonyms: effervescence, fizz, head, mousse

      • 1859, George Eliot, Adam Bede, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Volume 2, Chapter 21, p. 122,^[5]

        a quart jug with a crown of foam upon it

      • 1938, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling, New York: Scribner, Chapter 15, p. 174,^[6]

        The last of the milk vanished in a swirl of foam and gurgling.

      • 1958, Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, New York: Astor-Honor, 1959, Part 1, Chapter 8, p. 74,^[7]

        It was a very good palm-wine and powerful, for in spite of the palm fruit hung across the mouth of the pot to restrain the lively liquor, white foam rose and spilled over.

      • 1988, Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons, New York: Viking, Part 2, p. 167,^[8]

        A slender thread of soft-drink foam traced her upper lip;

   4. A collection of small bubbles created by mixing soap with water.

      Synonyms: lather, suds

      • 1964, Saul Bellow, Herzog, New York: Viking, p. 255,^[9]

        […] she concentrated on the foam in the sink, tempering the water.

      • 1988, Alan Hollinghurst, The Swimming-Pool Library, New York: Random House, Chapter 7, p. 163,^[10]

        Later we shared a bath with foam up to our ears, like they always discreetly have in films.

   5. (firefighting) A collection of small bubbles formed by mixing an extinguishing agent with water, used to cover and extinguish fires.
2. A material formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

   A foam mat can soften a hard seat.

3. (figuratively, poetic) The sea.

   He is in Europe, across the foam.

   • 1595, Edmund Spenser, Epithalamion
   • 1885, Robert Louis Stevenson, “Foreign Children” in A Child’s Garden of Verses, London: Longmans, Green, p. 34,^[11]

     You must dwell beyond the foam, / But I am safe and live at home.

4. Fury.

派生語

動詞

foam (三人称単数 現在形 foams, 現在分詞 foaming, 過去形および過去分詞形 foamed)

1. (intransitive) To form or emit foam.
   • c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene vi]:

     […] And that is it
     Hath made me rig my navy; at whose burthen
     The anger'd ocean foams; with which I meant
     To scourge the ingratitude that despiteful Rome
     Cast on my noble father.

   • 1706, Isaac Watts, “The Day of Judgement,” lines 1-2, [12]

     When the fierce North-wind with his airy forces

     Rears up the Baltic to a foaming fury;

   • 1908, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, chapter 8, in The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare, Bristol: J[ames] W[illiams] Arrowsmith, […]; London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company Limited, OCLC 3716058:

     They were both silent for a measure of moments, and then Syme's speech came with a rush, like the sudden foaming of champagne.

2. (intransitive) To spew saliva as foam; to foam at the mouth.
   • c. 1591–1592, William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene i]:

     […] to London will we march amain,
     And once again bestride our foaming steeds,
     And once again cry ‘Charge upon our foes!’
     But never once again turn back and fly.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Mark 9:17-18:

     Master, I have brought unto thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; And wheresoever he taketh him, he teareth him: and he foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth, and pineth away.

   • 1749, [John Cleland], “[Letter the First]”, in Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure [Fanny Hill], volume I, London: […] G. Fenton [i.e., Fenton and Ralph Griffiths] […], OCLC 731622352:

     But I was talking to the wind; for whether my tears, my attitude, or the disorder of my dress prov'd fresh incentives, or whether he was not under the dominion of desires he could not bridle, but snorting and foaming with lust and rage, he renews his attack, seizes me, and again attempts to extend and fix me on the settee […]

3. (firefighting) To coat or cover with foam.

   It used to be common practice to foam the runway prior to an emergency landing, in case a fuel-fed fire occurred.

派生語