syncopeとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Late Latin syncope, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, “nominalization suffix”), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

発音

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɪŋ.kə.pi/
• ハイフネーション: syn‧co‧pe

名詞

syncope (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 syncopes)

2. (linguistics, phonology, prosody) The elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.

   Synonym: contraction

   Antonym: epenthesis

   Coordinate term: apocope

   Hypernym: metaplasm

   • 1910, Jakob Schipper, A History of English Versification‎^[1]:

     […] ; on the contrary, all syllables subject in the same way to elision, apocope, syncope, and slurring must have the same degree of stress (i.e. they must be alike unaccented) whether preceded by short or by long root-syllables.

4. (biology, medicine) A loss of consciousness when someone faints.

   Synonyms: swoon, faint, fainting, lipothymia

   Coordinate terms: near-syncope, presyncope, pre-syncope, pseudosyncope

   • 1844, Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial:

     Sometimes, without any apparent cause, I sank, little by little, into a condition of semi-syncope, or half swoon; and, in this condition, without pain, without ability to stir, or, strictly speaking, to think, but with a dull lethargic consciousness of life and of the presence of those who surrounded my bed, I remained, until the crisis of the disease restored me, suddenly, to perfect sensation.

   • 1896, George M. Gould; Walter Lytle Pyle, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine‎^[2]:

     Schneider, the father of rhinology, mentions a woman in whom the odor of orange-flowers produced syncope.

   • 1973, Patrick O'Brian, HMS Surprise:

     […] the rapidly-whitening face, the miserable fixed smile, meant a syncope within the next few bars.

6. (music) A missed beat or off-beat stress in music resulting in syncopation.
   • 1922, Christopher Morley, Where the Blue Begins‎^[3]:

     She was a volatile creature, full of mischievous surprise: at their first music practice, after playing over some hymns on the pipe-organ, she burst into jazz, filling the quiet grove with the clamorous syncope of Paddy-Paws, a favourite song that summer.

使用する際の注意点

Usage in the form syncope, with the phonological meaning "contraction of a word by omission of middle sounds or letters" attested from the 1520's. Doublets of said syncope with the form syncopis and sincopin, both from the Old French sincopin (“faintness”) (itself from Late Latin accusative syncopen), with the pathological meaning "a loss of consciousness accompanied by a weak pulse", attested from the fifteenth century. Said syncopis / sincopin was "re-latinized" to the form syncope in English in the sixteenth century, after the linguistic use of that word was already in use. The musical usage first occurs after the 1660's, following the musical usage of syncopation and syncopate.

派生語

Further reading

• “syncope”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “syncope”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.