英和和英

別の表記

• -all (obsolete)
• -ial
• -ual
• -arial

発音

• IPA: /əl/, [l̩], [ɫ̩]

接尾辞

-al

1. Of or pertaining to. Adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to produce an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also.

   ‎base + ‎-al → ‎basal

   ‎cranium + ‎-al → ‎cranial

   ‎spine + ‎-al → ‎spinal

2. Forming nouns, especially of verbal action.

   ‎propose + ‎-al → ‎proposal

   ‎deny + ‎-al → ‎denial

   ‎bestow + ‎-al → ‎bestowal

使用する際の注意点

Most adjectives with this ending were not formed in English, but were taken from Latin (or French). In Latin, the ending -ālis (whence English -al) had the alternative form -āris (whence English -ar), which was often used when the base word contained l. The use of -al or -ar is inconsistent:

• While words like formular, fibular, capsular, and bulbar follow the Latin norm, words like molal, phylal, salmonellal, and zooxanthellal do not.
• Some words show variation between -al and -ar, such as lobar and lobal, acinar and acinal; variation also existed in Latin, as with Latin līneāris and hence English linear vs Latin līneālis and hence English lineal.

However, the ending -al is always used if the last l in the base word is followed by r, e.g. cultural, scleral, microfloral, pleural, loral, labral (compare glomerular, where the last l in glomerulus is not followed by r). The ending also appears in the extended forms -ial and -ual, as in manorial and eventual.

If the base word ends:

• with us, um or a, it is dropped (e.g. viral, from virus; bronchial (New Latin bronchiālis), from bronchium; corneal from cornea);
• with er / re (mostly derived from the Latin ending -rum), the e is dropped (e.g. membral, from member (Latin membrum); central, from center/centre (Latin centrum)); or
• with a consonant + le (mostly derived from the Latin endings -ulus, -ulum, -ula), the latter usually changes to ul (e.g. muscular, from muscle (Latin mūsculus); vehicular, from vehicle (Latin vehiculum); arbuscular, from arbuscle (Latin arbuscula)).

As a nominalizer, some verbs have two corresponding nouns, one ending in -al and the other in -tion/-sion (more common suffix), with one or the other being more common, sometimes with different nuances. Notable examples: disposition/disposal (dispose), proposition/proposal (propose), submission/submittal (submit), transmission/transmittal (transmit). Some superficial pairs are actually of different origin, notably reversion/reversal (respectively related to revert and reverse).

Final silent ⟨e⟩ is dropped before this suffix, e.g. casal, from case.

派生語

• (adjectival):
  English terms suffixed with -al

  abdicational

  abdominal

  abductional

  aberrational

  abettal

  abiological

  ablational

  ablatival

  abnerval

  abolitional

  Aboriginal

  abortal

  abortional

  abrasional

  abscissional

  absolutival

  absorptional

  abstractional

  abuttal

  abysmal

  abyssal

  academical

  -acal

  acanthial

  acapnial

  acaricidal

  accelerational

  accelerometrical

  accessional

  accessorial

  accipitral

  acclimational

  acclimatisational

  acclimatizational

  accommodational

  accompanimental

  accreditational

  accretional

  accrual

  acculturational

  accumbal

  accumulational

  accusal

  accusatorial

  acidobacterial

  acidocalcisomal

  acinal

  acnodal

  aconital

  acontial

  acoustical

  acquisitional

  acquittal

  acral

  acrasial

  acrolectal

  acronycal

  acropetal

  acrosomal

  acrostichal

  acrotarsial

  actinal

  actinobacterial

  actinostomal

  actinozoal

  actional

  activational

  actual

  actualizational

  actuarial

  acupunctural

  Adamitical

  adaptational

  additional

  addressal

  adenoidal

  adenoviral

  adhesional

  adhocratical

  adjectional

  adjectival

  adjournal

  adjudicational

  adjustmental

  administrational

  admirational

  admonitional

  adoptional

  adorational

  adpositional

  adrenarcheal

  adsorptional

  adulticidal

  advectional

  adventitial

  adverbal

  adversarial

  advocational

  aedeagal

  aequoreal

  aerational

  aerenchymal

  aerial

  aesthetical

  aestivoautumnal

  æternal

  aeval

  affectational

  affectional

  affinal

  affirmational

  affixal

  affixational

  agglomerational

  aggradational

  aggregational

  aggresomal

  agitational

  agnominal

  agonal

  agricultural

  agrobacterial

  ahistorical

  albuminoidal

  algal

  algebraical

  algicidal

  alkaloidal

  alkanal

  alkynal

  alliterational

  allocational

  alloquial

  allosomal

  alphabetical

  alphaproteobacterial

  alternational

  altitudinal

  altosomal

  alumnal

  amaroidal

  Amazonal

  ambidextral

  amblygonal

  ambrosial

  amebal

  amebicidal

  amenorrhoeal

  amental

  amential

  aminal

  aminosteroidal

  ammoniacal

  ammunitional

  amnestical

  amnioserosal

  amoebal

  amoebicidal

  amœbicidal

  amphibicidal

  amphidal

  amphitropal

  amphoral

  amplificational

  amplitudinal

  amputational

  amygdaloidal

  anaemial

  anæmial

  anæmical

  anaerobicidal

  anaesthetical

  anæsthetical

  anagrammatical

  anagraphical

  anal

  analogal

  analogical

  anatomical

  ancestral

  anchoral

  anconal

  androgynal

  -aneal

  anecdotal

  anemial

  anemical

  aneurismal

  aneurysmal

  anginal

  angiospermal

  anguineal

  anilingual

  animational

  annexational

  anniversal

  annotational

  anodal

  anteal

  antebrachial
• (forming nouns, especially of verbal action): arousal, arrival, bestowal, betrothal, denial, disposal, proposal, rental, rival, revival, reversal, removal, subdual, submittal, transmittal, upheaval
• -ical

参考

語源 2

Back-formation from aldehyde.

発音

• IPA: /æl/

接尾辞

-al

1. (organic chemistry) Forms the names of aldehydes.

アナグラム

• L. A., L.A., LA, La, La-, La., la, lä

語源

Borrowed from Old French -al, -el and its source Latin -ālis.

発音

• IPA: /-ˈal/, /-al/ (from Old French -al and Latin -ālis)
• IPA: /-ˈɛːl/, /-ˈɛl/, /-ɛl/ (from Old French -el)

接尾辞

-al

1. (chiefly not productive) Forms adjectives from Latin and Romance vocabulary.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -al
• Scots: -al

参照

語源

From the recurrent substantivation of apocopated adjectives in -āle, the nominative neuter singular ending of -ālis. Compare the nominal suffixes -ārium, -ium and -cum (among others), all derived from the neuter stem of adjective-forming suffixes.

接尾辞

-al n (genitive -ālis); third declension

1. noun-forming suffix

語形変化

Third-declension noun (neuter, pure i-stem).

派生語

発音

• IPA: /æl/, /ɑːl/
• 韻: -æl, -ɑːl

名詞

al (usually uncountable, plural als)

1. The Indian mulberry, Morinda citrifolia, especially as used to make dye.
   • For quotations using this term, see Citations:al.

語源 2

限定詞

al

1. Archaic form of all.
   • c. 1522 (date written), Thomas More, “A Treatyce (Vnfynyshed) vppon These Wordes of Holye Scrypture, Memorare Nouissima, & Ineternum non Peccabis, Remember the Last Thynges, and Thou shalt Neuer Synne. […]”, in Wyllyam Rastell [i.e., William Rastell], editor, The Workes of Sir Thomas More Knyght, […], London: […] Iohn Cawod, Iohn Waly, and Richarde Tottell, published 30 April 1557, →OCLC, book I, page 80, column 1:

     Now if ye felt your belly in ſuche caſe, that ye muſt be fayne al daye to tende it with warme clothes, oꝛ els ye were not able to abide the payne, would ye recken your belly ſicke oꝛ whole? I wene ye would recken your belly not in good quart.

参照

• “al”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.
• “al”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
• "al" in WordNet 2.0, Princeton University, 2003.

アナグラム

• L. A., L.A., LA, La, La-, La., la, lä

発音

• IPA: /ɑːl/

名詞

āl n

1. fire

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

参照

別の表記

• alle, aul, nal, hal
• el, eal

発音

• IPA: /al/, /au̯l/

名詞

al (plural alles)

1. A tool or instrument with a sharp point.

派生した語

• English: awl, nall
• Scots: awl
• ⇒ Yola: nawlee

参照

• “al, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

副詞

al

1. alternative form of all
   • 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue:

     And smale foweles maken melodye,
     That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
     (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

     And many little birds make melody
     That sleep through all the night with open eye
     (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)

限定詞

al

1. alternative form of all
   • 1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

     And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge.

     And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living.