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Wiktionary英語版での「abject」の意味 |
abject
語源 1
PIE word |
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*h₂epó |
The adjective is derived from Late Middle English abiect, abject (“expelled, outcast, rejected, wretched”, adjective) [and other forms],[1] from Middle French abject (“worthy of utmost contempt または disgust, despicable, vile; of a person: brought low, cast down; of low social position”) (modern French abject, abjet (廃れた用法)), and from its etymon Latin abiectus (“abandoned; cast or thrown aside; dejected, downcast; ordinary, undistinguished, unimportant; (by extension) base, sordid; despicable, vile; humble, low; subservient”), an adjective use of the perfect passive participle of abiciō (“to discard, throw away または down; to cast または push away または aside; to abandon, give up; to belittle, degrade, humble; to lower, reduce; to overthrow, vanquish; to undervalue; to waste”), from ab- (prefix meaning ‘away; away from; from’) + iaciō (“to cast, hurl, throw, throw away”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁- (“to throw”)).[2][3]
The noun is derived from the adjective.[2]
発音
形容詞
abject (comparative abjecter または more abject, superlative abjectest または most abject)
- Existing in or sunk to a low condition, position, or state; contemptible, despicable, miserable. [from early 15th c.]
- 1592, Thomas Nash[e], Pierce Penilesse His Supplication to the Deuill. […], London: […] [John Charlewood for] Richard Ihones, […], →OCLC; republished as J[ohn] Payne Collier, editor, Pierce Penniless’s Supplication to the Devil. […], London: […] [Frederic Shoberl, Jun.] for the Shakespeare Society, 1842, →OCLC, page 22:
- 1612, Michael Drayton, “The Twelfth Song”, in [John Selden], editor, Poly-Olbion. Or A Chorographicall Description of Tracts, Riuers, Mountaines, Forests, and Other Parts of this Renowned Isle of Great Britaine, […], London: […] H[umphrey] L[ownes] for Mathew Lownes; I. Browne; I. Helme; I. Busbie, published 1613, →OCLC, pages 206–207:
- VVhen as thoſe fallovv Deere, and huge-hancht Stags that graz'd / Vpon her ſhaggy Heaths, the paſſenger amaz'd / To ſee their mighty Heards, vvith high-palmd heads to threat / The vvoods of o'regrovvne Oakes; as though they meant to ſet / Their hornes to th'others heights. / But novv, both thoſe and theſe / Are by vile gaine deuour'd: So abiect are our daies.
- 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 305–313:
- [W]ith fierce Winds Orion arm'd / Hath vext the Red-Sea Coaſt, whoſe waves orethrew / Buſiris and his Memphian Chivalrie, / While with perfidious hatred they purſu'd / The Sojourners of Goſhen, who beheld / From the ſafe ſhore their floating Carkaſes / And broken Chariot Wheels, ſo thick beſtrown / Abject and loſt lay theſe, covering the Flood, / Under amazement of their hideous change.
- 1840 January, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “[Robert] Lord Clive. […]”, in Critical and Historical Essays, Contributed to the Edinburgh Review. […], 2nd edition, volume III, London: […] Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, […], published 1843, →OCLC, page 119:
- The wide dominion of the Franks was severed into a thousand pieces. Nothing more than a nominal dignity was left to the abject heirs of an illustrious name, Charles the Bald, and Charles the Fat, and Charles the Simple.
- (by extension)
- (chiefly with a negative connotation) Complete; downright; utter.
- 1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter V, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, footnote, page 527:
- Lord Howard of Escrick accused [John] Ayloffe of proposing to assassinate the Duke of York; but Lord Howard was an abject liar; and this story was not part of his original confession, but was added afterwards by way of supplement, and therefore deserves no credit whatever.
- 1885, Robert Louis Stevenson, Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson, “Story of the Destroying Angel”, in More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 45:
- (rare) Lower than nearby areas; low-lying.
- (chiefly with a negative connotation) Complete; downright; utter.
- Of a person: cast down in hope or spirit; showing utter helplessness, hopelessness, or resignation; also, grovelling; ingratiating; servile. [from mid 14th c.]
- 1790 November, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event. […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 202:
- 1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 405:
- 1927, Countee Cullen, “From the Dark Tower”, in Copper Sun, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, part 1 (Color); republished in James Weldon Johnson, editor, The Book of American Negro Poetry […], revised edition, New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931, →OCLC, page 228:
- We shall not always plant while others reap / The golden increment of bursting fruit, / Not always countenance, abject and mute / That lesser men should hold their brothers cheap; […]
- 1931 February 9, William Faulkner, chapter II, in Sanctuary (The Modern Library of the World’s Best Books; no. 61), New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, published 1962, →OCLC, page 12:
- Benbow watched Goodwin seat the old man in a chair, where he sat obediently with that tentative and abject eagerness of a man who has but one pleasure left and whom the world can reach only through one sense, for he was both blind and deaf: a short man with a bald skull and a round, full-fleshed, rosy face in which his cataracted eyes looked like two clots of phlegm.
- (sociology, usually nominalized) Marginalized as deviant.
派生語
関連する語
名詞
abject (複数形 abjects)
- A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; an oppressed person; an outcast; also, such people as a class. [from early 16th c.]
- 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, The Seconde Pistle off Paul the Apostle to the Corrinthyans vij:[6], folio ccxl, verso:
- Nevertheleſſe he thatt comfortith the abiecte⸝ comforted vs at the cõmynge of Titus.
- c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], column 1:
- For honour trauels in a ſtraight ſo narrovv, / VVhere one but goes a breaſt, keepe then the path: / […] if you giue vvay, / Or hedge aſide from the direct forth right; / Like to an entred Tyde, they all ruſh by, / And leaue you hindmoſt: / Or like a gallant Horſe falne in firſt ranke, / Lye there for pauement to the abiect, neere / Ore-run and trampled on: […]
- 1832, [Isaac Taylor], “The Third Heavens”, in Saturday Evening. […], London: Holdsworth and Ball, →OCLC, page 414:
- Let us look then to the widely-severed ranks of an Asiatic empire.—There is first its wretched and vilified class, upon which the superincumbent structure of the social system presses so heavily as almost to crush existence; […] Shall these abjects—these victims—these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure?
語源 2
From Late Middle English abjecten (“to cast out, expel”) [and other forms],[4] from abiect, abject (adjective) (see etymology 1).[5]
Sense 3 (“of a fungus: to give off (spores または sporidia)”) is modelled after German abschleudern (“to give off forcefully”).[5]
発音
動詞
abject (三人称単数 現在形 abjects, 現在分詞 abjecting, 過去形および過去分詞形 abjected) (transitive, chiefly archaic)
- To cast off or out (someone または something); to reject, especially as contemptible or inferior. [from 15th c.]
- 1623, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], “Elizabeth Queene of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. […]”, in The Historie of Great Britaine under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Iohn Beale, for George Humble, […], →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 104, page 1180, column 1:
- 2001, Le’a Kent, “Fighting Abjection: Representing Fat Women”, in Jana Evans Braziel, Kathleen LeBesco, editors, Bodies out of Bounds: Fatness and Transgression, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN, part I (Revaluing Corpulence, Redefining Fat Subjectivities), page 141:
- To cast down (someone または something); to abase; to debase; to degrade; to lower; also, to forcibly impose obedience or servitude upon (someone); to subjugate. [from 15th c.]
- a. 1632 (date written), John Donne, “Sermon IX. Preached on Candlemas Day.”, in Henry Alford, editor, The Works of John Donne, D.D., […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 182:
- What phrases of abjecting themselves, in respect of the prince, can exceed David's humble expressing of himself to Saul?
- (mycology) Of a fungus: to (forcibly) give off (spores または sporidia).
派生語
参照
- ^ “abject, ppl.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “abject, adj. and n.”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2021
- ^ “abject, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- ^ “abjecten, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Compare “abject, v.”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2021.
Further reading
- Philip Babcock Gove (editor), Webster's Third International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam Co., 1976 [1909], →ISBN), page 4
- Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 [1998], →ISBN), page 3
- Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief; William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “abject”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 5.
Weblio例文辞書での「abject」に類似した例文 |
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abject
はき出す
to disturb something
to hit something
to distort the meaning of something
邪推すること
the action of suspecting someone unjustly
「abject」を含む例文一覧
該当件数 : 32件
abject pusillanimity発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
みじめな小心 - 日本語WordNet
abject or cringing submissiveness発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
卑屈な、へつらう服従 - 日本語WordNet
He is in abject poverty―in the direst poverty―in utter destitution―as poor as a church-mouse―no better than a beggar.発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
赤貧洗うが如し - 斎藤和英大辞典
He is in abject poverty―in utter destitution―in the direst want 【イディオム・格言的には:】“as poor as a church-mouse.”発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
赤貧洗うが如し - 斎藤和英大辞典
He is in abject poverty―in the utmost need―in the utmost want―in extreme distress―in the utmost straits―in utter destitution.発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
彼は困窮の極みに達している - 斎藤和英大辞典
We expected nothing less than an abject apology.発音を聞く 例文帳に追加
少なくとも平身低頭の謝罪が当然くるものと思っていた. - 研究社 新英和中辞典
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1aesthetic
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2concern
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3present
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4consider
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5certain
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6remain
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7while
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8provide
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9appreciate
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10consequence

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