perdoとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈpɛr.doː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈpɛr.do]

動詞

perdō (present infinitive perdere, perfect active perdidī); third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem (Classical)
perdō (present infinitive perdere, perfect active perdidī, supine perditum); third conjugation (post-Classical)

1. to destroy, ruin, wreck

   Synonyms: dēstruō, ruīnō, occīdō, dēvāstō, ēvāstō, vāstō, tollō, dīruō, aboleō, exscindō, accīdō, populor, interimō, impellō, sepeliō, absūmō, perimō, trucīdō

   Dī tē perduint!

   May the gods damn you!

   Antonyms: ēmendō, reficiō, reparō, corrigō, medeor

   • 166 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Andria 642:

     PAMPHILUS: Chārīne, et mē et tē, imprūdēns — nisi quid Dī respiciunt — perdidī!

     PAMPHILUS: Charinus, me and you both, unintentionally — unless the gods care about what [has happened] — I’ve ruined [us]!
     (In the comic context, Pamphilus is being hesitant to admit any responsibility to his friend Charinus.)

   • c. 400 CE – 500 CE, Anonymous, defixio 30, Roma:

     c[o]ndo[---]NTA [---]in[c]umbite
     in foco [---] I +[p]enuar++ ut p(er)eat in die-
     bus VII[---] (magical symbols) [---] imp(er)at vobis Abrax[as---]
     exi E[---e]um sau[cietis---] iacbebrarum Solomon
     (charaktêres) [---] (charaktêres) [---] (magical symbols)
     (magical symbols) [---] V imperat tibi
     abl[anatabla] (charaktêres) [---]IA dep(rae)cor vestra(m) virtu-
     tem[---] ut eum [pe]ssime p(er)datis iạm iam
     cit[o] c̣ito (vacat)

     • Translation by Blänsdorf 2015b: 26, modified in Natalías 2022

       I hide him (?) (...) put into the fire (...) the head of the supply, in order he may die within seven (?) days (...) Abraxas gives you the command go out (...) in order you shall hurt him (...) Iacbebrarum Solomon (...) he commands you Abla[tanabla] (...) I implore your virtue (...) to destroy him badly, soon, soon, quickly [quickly].
       
       Note that whoever wrote this defixio (possibly a professional practicioner) uses many different magical symbols and charakteres, as well as multiple other magical formulas including the palindrome Ablanatanalba and invoking Solomon and Abraxas. Natalías also notes specifically that this inscription was written on copper instead of lead, rare for a defixio in the Roman West. See more on these subjects in Natalías 2022.

2. to waste, squander

   Synonyms: abūtor, conterō, cōnsūmō, dissipō, effundō

   • Suetonius writing of Titus

     Atque etiam recordatus quondam super cenam, quod nihil cuiquam toto die praestitisset, memorabilem illam meritoque laudatam vocem edidit: "Amici, diem perdidi".

     One evening at dinner, realizing that he had done nobody any favour throughout the entire day, he spoke these memorable words: "Friends, I have wasted a day".

   • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovidius, Tristia 1.2.13:

     verba miser frūstrā nōn prōficientia perdō.

     Wretched [as I am], vainly I waste words, making no progress.

3. to have no more, to be deprived of

   Synonyms: dēsum, egeō, indigeō, careō, dēlinquō, dēficiō, cessō

   Antonyms: flōreō, abundō, affluō, niteō

4. (transitive) to lose, cease to have

   Synonym: āmittō

   • 54 BCE, Cicero, Pro Rabirio Postumo 9.24:

     Plane confiteor fieri nihil posse dementius quam scientem in eum locum venire, ubi libertatem sis perditurus

     I can plainy admit there to be nothing more demented than to knowingly go into a place where you are likely to lose your liberty

5. (intransitive) to lose, be defeated

   Antonym: vincō

   • 2 CE, Ovidius, Ars Amatoria 1.451:

     Sic, ne perdiderit, non cessat perdere lusor

     • 1929 translation by J. H. Mozley

       thus, lest he shall have lost, the gambler ceases not to lose

使用する際の注意点

• Speakers of Classical Latin typically avoided the passive forms of this verb, using pereō instead.

Conjugation

• Classical Latin conjugation, without passive forms (note the alternative present subjunctive, especially common in Plautus):

• Complete conjugation, in later Latin:

等位語

• pereō

派生語

派生した語

参照

• “perdo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “perdo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “perdo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• perdo in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2026), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • amongst such moral depravity: tam perditis or corruptis moribus
    
  • (ambiguous) to lose no time: tempus non amittere, perdere
    
  • (ambiguous) to bring a man to ruin; to destroy: aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare
    
  • (ambiguous) to lose one's labour: operam (et oleum) perdere or frustra consumere
    
  • (ambiguous) to lose hope: spem perdere
    
  • (ambiguous) to lose one's case: causam or litem amittere, perdere