torとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /tɔː/
• (General American) IPA: /toɹ/
• (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /toː/
• (Scotland) IPA: /tɔːɹ/
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)
• 異形同音異義語: torr; tore (horse–hoarse merger); tour (英国発音, pour–poor merger); taw (non-rhotic)

語源 1

From 中期英語 tor, torr-, from 古期英語 torr, tor (“a high rock, lofty hill, tower”), possibly from Proto-Celtic, compare Old Welsh *tor (“hill”); ultimately from Latin turris (“tower”), from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis), τύρσις (túrsis, “tower”), of non-Indo-European origin.

Cognate with Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr, Welsh tŵr, Irish tor, French tor, and Romansch tor/tur/tuor; the first four are Celtic (from Latin turris), the last two directly from Latin turris (from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis) and τύρσις (túrsis)). It is not clear whether the Celtic forms were borrowed from 古期英語 or vice versa. Doublet of tourelle, tower, and turret.

名詞

tor (plural tors)

1. (geology) A craggy outcrop of rock on the summit of a hill, created by the erosion and weathering of rock.
   • 1855, Charles Kingsley, Westward Ho!: Or, The Voyages and Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh, Knight, […], volume I, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, page 183:

     Bursdon and Welsford were then, as now, a rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree, […]

   • 1901 August – 1902 April, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, chapter 9, in The Hound of the Baskervilles: Another Adventure of Sherlock Holmes, London: George Newnes, […], published 1902, →OCLC:

     The moon was low upon the right, and the jagged pinnacle of a granite tor stood up against the lower curve of its silver disc.

2. (South-West England) A hill with such rock formation.
   • 2008, Lydia Joyce, Shadows of the Night‎, Signet Eclipse, →ISBN, page 242:

     She had slipped the letters into her pocket next to the packet of antique documents and had taken an umbrella—as the sky was ominous out over the distant tors—and strolled around the manor house and down the road toward the village.

語源 2

形容詞

tor (comparative more tor, superlative most tor)

1. Alternative form of tore ("hard, difficult; strong; rich").

参考

アナグラム

• ORT, OTR, ROT, RTO, TRO, ort, rot

語源

From Proto-Italic *-tōr, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr < *-tor-s. The -ō- from the nominative singular form was extended to all other forms by analogy; then word-final -ōr was shortened to -or by regular Latin sound laws, producing the Classical Latin paradigm with short -o- in the nominative singular and long -ō- elsewhere. Cognate to Sanskrit -तृ (-tṛ) (nominative singular -ता m sg (-tā)) and Ancient Greek -τωρ (-tōr), as well as -τήρ (-tḗr) from a separate ablaut *-tḗr. Compare Latin -trum (instrumental suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *-tr-o-m (instrumental suffix).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [tɔr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [t̪or]

接尾辞

-tor m (genitive -tōris, feminine -trīx); third declension

1. -er; used to form masculine agent nouns from verbs

使用する際の注意点

This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as their base (the stem of the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part). This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.

• Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > salto.
• 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
• Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.

The corresponding feminine suffix is -trīx: e.g. cantor (“male singer”) is paired with cantrīx (“female singer”), from canō (“I sing”). As with other Latin nouns for people, the masculine is traditionally used generically (for example, in general statements or in contexts where gender is unspecified) as well as for males. Masculine and feminine agent nouns are sometimes used appositively, or as adjectives, and can be used in this context even with inanimate nouns (in which case they agree with the grammatical gender of the noun).

The suffix -tor is occasionally added to a noun to create an agent noun, often in the extended form -ātor, as if from a first-conjugation verb.

Examples:

gladiātor (“gladiator”), from gladius (“sword”)

malleātor (“hammerer”), from malleus (“hammer”)

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

• -ātor
• -tōrium
• -tōrius
• -turiō

関連する語

• -or
• -trīx (“-ess, -trix”) (used to form a female agent noun)

派生した語

参照