英和和英

語源 1

From 中期英語 -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare 中期英語 take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from 古期英語 -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In 中期英語, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern 中期英語 do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

別の表記

• -n

接尾辞

-en

1. (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

   ‎take + ‎-en → ‎taken

   ‎forgive + ‎-en → ‎forgiven

   ‎prove + ‎-en → ‎proven

接尾辞

-en (adjective-forming suffix, not comparable)

1. (archaic) Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

   ‎fork + ‎-en → ‎forken (“forked”)

   ‎pave + ‎-en → ‎paven (“paved”)

   ‎barefoot + ‎-en → ‎bare-footen (“bare-footed”)

   ‎enslave + ‎-en → ‎enslaven (“enslaved”)

使用する際の注意点

Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs; ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "cook + -en → cooked".

派生語

語源 2

From 中期英語 -en, -n, the plural suffix of weak nouns (n-stems), from 古期英語 -an, from Proto-West Germanic *-an m, *-ōn f or n, from Proto-Germanic *-an- m, *-ōn- f or n, from Proto-Indo-European *-on-, o-grade form of the n-stem suffix.

Reinforced by the early 中期英語 dative plural ending -en, from late 古期英語 -an, weakened form of earlier -um.

別の表記

• -n (after vowels)

接尾辞

-en

1. Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

   Examples in general modern use:

   ‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen

   ‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)

   ‎child + ‎-en → ‎children (cf. childer)

   ‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen

   Archaic or dialectal examples:

   ‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been

   ‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen

   ‎ky (“cows”) + ‎-en → ‎kine

   ‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen

   ‎eyre (“eggs”) + ‎-en → ‎eyren

   ‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen

   ‎feather + ‎-en → ‎feathern

   ‎fox + ‎-en → ‎foxen

   ‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen

   ‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen

   ‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen

   ‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen

   ‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon

   ‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   • 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester, page 200:

     Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

2. (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen

   ‎VAX + ‎-en → ‎VAXen

   • 2007 October 1, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology‎, →ISBN, page 398:

     There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.

   • 2012 April 17, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened‎, →ISBN:

     Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.

   • 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart‎, published 27 September 2018, →ISBN:

     For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

使用する際の注意点

• Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
• This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

派生語

関連する語

• -ren

参考

• Category:English plurals in -n

語源 3

From 中期英語 -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from 古期英語 -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.

接尾辞

-en (verb-forming suffix, third-person singular simple present -ens, present participle -ening, simple past and past participle -ened)

1. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".

   ‎white (adjective) + ‎-en → ‎whiten

   ‎quick + ‎-en → ‎quicken

   ‎strength (noun) + ‎-en → ‎strengthen

   ‎haste + ‎-en → ‎hasten

   ‎night + ‎-en → ‎nighten

使用する際の注意点

• Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

派生語

語源 4

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.

別の表記

• -n (postvocalically)
• -in (rare)

接尾辞

-en (adjective-forming suffix, comparative more -en, superlative most -en)

1. Pertaining to, having the qualities of, resembling, or like.

   ‎wolf + ‎-en → ‎wolven

   ‎peach + ‎-en → ‎peachen

   ‎goat + ‎-en → ‎goaten

2. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun).

   Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:

   ‎wood + ‎-en → ‎wooden

   ‎gold + ‎-en → ‎golden

   ‎wheat + ‎-en → ‎wheaten

   ‎oat + ‎-en → ‎oaten

   ‎silk + ‎-en → ‎silken

   ‎earth + ‎-en → ‎earthen

   ‎flax + ‎-en → ‎flaxen

   ‎lead + ‎-en → ‎leaden

   ‎wool + ‎-en → ‎woollen

   ‎oak + ‎-en → ‎oaken

   Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:

   ‎brass + ‎-en → ‎brazen ("shameless")

   Rare or archaic examples:

   ‎ash + ‎-en → ‎ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)

   ‎beech + ‎-en → ‎beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen ("made of boxwood")

   ‎bronze + ‎-en → ‎bronzen

   ‎silver + ‎-en → ‎silvern

   ‎cedar + ‎-en → ‎cedarn

   ‎leather + ‎-en → ‎leathern

   ‎copper + ‎-en → ‎coppern

   ‎paper + ‎-en → ‎papern

   ‎brick + ‎-en → ‎bricken

   ‎board + ‎-en → ‎boarden

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   ‎hemp + ‎-en → ‎hempen

   Orphan examples:

   ‎line (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎linen

使用する際の注意点

Sense 2 is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

派生語

語源 5

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).

接尾辞

-en (noun-forming suffix, plural -ens)

1. Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.

   ‎chick + ‎-en → ‎chicken

   ‎maid + ‎-en → ‎maiden

   ‎smitch, smidge + ‎-en → ‎smidgen

派生語

参考

• -ock
• -ling

語源 6

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini.

接尾辞

-en (noun-forming suffix, plural -ens)

1. Denotes a female form of a few nouns.

   ‎fox + ‎-en → ‎vixen (“female fox”)

   ‎monk + ‎-en → ‎minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)

語源 7

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -an, from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną. Compare -y (intransitive infinitive ending).

接尾辞

-en

1. (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
   • c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 204, column 2, line 39:

     The Sonne compell’d, beene Butcher to the Sire;

     The son was compelled to be a butcher to the sire;

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 23, page 9:

     As gentle Shepheard in ſweete euentide, / When ruddy Phebus gins to welke in weſt, / High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide

     As a gentle shepherd in sweet eventide, / When ruddy Phoebus begins to walk westward, / High on an hill, for his flock to view widely

   • c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II]:

     From others' labours; for though he strive / To killen bad, keep good alive;

使用する際の注意点

• Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech; there are no undoubted traces of it in the modern traditional dialects.
• The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.

派生語

語源 8

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.

接尾辞

-en

1. (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
   • c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, prologue], signature C, verso:

     All periſhen of man, of pelfe, / Ne ought eſcapend but himſelfe;

     All things perish, whether man or pelf, / Should not escape but from itself;

   • 1905 May 13, M. E. Francis, “Mrs Gradwell's Piano”, in Country Life‎, volume XVII, number 436, Country Life, Limited, page 678:

     Hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse.

2. (obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.
   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 32:

     Her name was Agape whoſe children werne / All three as one, the firſt hight Priamond, / The ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond.

   • 1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago, volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:

     Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.

     Now, if anybody asks you where those [people over there] get these [things], you must say you had 'em from the boggard of Deerpley Fell. Goodbye, master; and now, lads, let's [go back] to our work.

   • 1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings‎, volume 1, London: Trübner & Company, page 46:

     ‘So then they all wenten to the ’ouse, an’ the Runnellses wun in a most despert way when they sidden the bŏŏgies comin’, but they tooken on ’em soft, an’ maden out as they wun right glad to see ’em agen, an axt ’em to come in an’ a some mate an’ drink.

使用する際の注意点

• Though it slightly outlived the homophonous infinitival ending in the standard language, verbal plural -en disappeared from it during the 15th century except as a conscious archaism, despite being maintained in the traditional dialects of England's northwestern Midlands (Cheshire, Derbyshire, southern Lancashire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire) and northeastern Wales, though it was lost there in the past tense over the course of the 19th century.

派生語

語源 9

From French -ène.

接尾辞

-en

1. Indicates the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond.

派生語

参照

アナグラム

• nê, né, Ne., ne, -ne-, NE, ne., -ne

語源 1

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.

接尾辞

-en n

1. (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns

   ‎mæġeþ (“girl”) + ‎-en → ‎mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)

   ‎cocc (“rooster”) + ‎-en → ‎ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)

   ‎broþ (“broth, brewing”) + ‎-en → ‎bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

語形変化

Neuter

語源 2

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

別の表記

• -in

接尾辞

-en f

1. (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns

   ‎god (“(male) god”) + ‎-en → ‎gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)

   ‎þēow (“(male) servant”) + ‎-en → ‎þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

語形変化

Feminine

Strong ō-stem:

派生語

語源 3

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

接尾辞

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.

   ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-en → ‎gylden (“golden”)

   ‎ātor (“poison”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)

   ‎stān (“stone”) + ‎-en → ‎stǣnen (“stonen”)

   ‎āc (“oak”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣcen (“oaken”)

   ‎trēow (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎triewen (“wooden”)

   ‎līn (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎līnen (“linen”)

   ‎sǣ (“sea”) + ‎-en → ‎sǣn (“marine”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal”)

語形変化

派生した語

• Middle English: -en
  • English: -en
  • Scots: -en, -in

語源 4

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

接尾辞

-en

1. (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs

   ġecumen ― come

   ġecorfen ― carved

   ġeswōgen ― swooned

語源 5

Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.

接尾辞

-en

1. (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by

   ‎tungol (“star”) + ‎-en → ‎tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)

   ‎hund (“dog, hound”) + ‎-en → ‎hunden (“canine”)

語源 6

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.

接尾辞

-en f

1. (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs

   ‎byrgan (“to bury”) + ‎-en → ‎byrgen (“burying, grave”)

   ‎sellan (“to give, grant”) + ‎-en → ‎selen (“giving, gift”)

   ‎þicgan (“to take, accept”) + ‎-en → ‎þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

語形変化

Strong ō-stem:

別の表記

• -e
• -n (after vowels and, especially later, /r/)

接尾辞

-en

1. Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.

使用する際の注意点

• In many cases, y- and -en were added together as a circumfix, though y- is best preserved in those dialects which reduce this suffix to -e.
• The full -en was better-preserved in the Northern and Midland Middle English, whereas in Southern and Kentish Middle English, it was often weakened to -e.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -en
• Middle Scots: -en, -in
  • Scots: -en

参照

• “-en, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 24 April 2018.

語源 2

From 古期英語 -an. Originally used with strong verbs, class 1 weak verbs, and preterite-present verbs in 古期英語. It later absorbed the class 2 weak verb suffix -ien (from -ian) when the latter widely merged into it via syncopation of the medial vowel; see that entry for more.

別の表記

• -e
• -yn (especially Norfolk)
• -n (after vowels)

接尾辞

-en

1. Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

使用する際の注意点

• Like with the participial suffix, -en was mostly reduced to -e or lost in Southern and Kentish Middle English. However, it is also almost entirely absent from Northern Middle English, even though it maintains -en in the participle; this is perhaps due to influence from Old Norse, which had an infinitive ending in -a but a past participle ending in -inn. Even in Midland Middle English, where it is best preserved, it tends to be sharply recessive in later Middle English, perhaps due to the combined influence of more northerly and southerly dialects.
• In poetry, there is a tendency to use -en before vowels or /h/ to break up hiatus, but -e otherwise; this may have been a feature of natural speech to a certain degree and can thus be compared to the alternation between e.g. a and an.
• This suffix tends to be better preserved in monosyllabic verbs such as don (“to do”) and gon (“to go”) than in others.

Conjugation

派生語