英和和英

発音

• (英国発音) IPA: /bɒlt/, /bəʊlt/, [bɔʊɫt]
• (米国発音) IPA: /boʊlt/
• 韻: -əʊlt, -ɒlt

語源 1

From 中期英語 bolt, from 古期英語 bolt, from Proto-West Germanic *bolt, from Proto-Germanic *bultaz, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Compare Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”). Akin to Dutch and West Frisian bout, German Bolz or Bolzen, Danish bolt, Swedish bult, Icelandic bolti.

The association of thunder and lightning with 'bolts' is found back into prehistory in many cultures, at least in Eurasia. It comes from the long-standing widespread belief that lightning was caused by bolts, darts, or stones hurtling down from the sky to the earth. This belief was still regarded as commonplace until at least 1929.

名詞

bolt (plural bolts)

1. A (usually) metal fastener consisting of a cylindrical body that is threaded, with a larger head on one end. It can be inserted into an unthreaded hole up to the head, with a nut then threaded on the other end; a heavy machine screw.
2. Latch-related senses
   1. A sliding pin or bar in a lock or latch mechanism.
      • 1908 October, Kenneth Grahame, “Mr. Badger”, in The Wind in the Willows, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, page 69:

        There was the noise of a bolt shot back, and the door opened a few inches, enough to show a long snout and a pair of sleepy blinking eyes.

   2. A bar of wood or metal dropped in horizontal hooks on a door and adjoining wall or between the two sides of a double door, to prevent the door(s) from being forced open.
   3. (military, mechanical engineering) A sliding mechanism to chamber and unchamber a cartridge in a firearm.
3. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter.
   • 1594, Christopher Marlow[e], The Troublesome Raigne and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England: […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press] for Henry Bell, […], published 1622, →OCLC, (please specify the page):

     He shall to prison, and there die in boults.

   • c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

     Away with him to prison! Lay bolts enough upon him:

4. A stalk or scape (of garlic, onion, etc).
   • 2013, Wong Yoon Wah, Durians Are Not the Only Fruit: Notes from the Tropics, Epigram Books, →ISBN:

     All kinds of vegetables may be used as a topping, but the best are strongly flavoured ones without too much moisture, such as celery, garlic bolts, chives, scallions, or various beans (long beans, green beans etc.) ...

   • 2017, Adam Brookes, The Spy's Daughter, Redhook, →ISBN:

     She ordered Cat's Ear Noodles heaped with garlic bolts and tomatoes, the broth thick with cumin, laced with black vinegar. The girl caught her accent, the sibilant sing-song of the south, and smiled, tilting her head questioningly.

5. A large roll of fabric or similar material, as a bolt of cloth.
   • 1774 March 24, Stamford Mercury‎:

     Mr. Cole, Basket-maker...has lost near 300 boults of rods

   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “All Astir”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 106:

     Not only were the old sails being mended, but new sails were coming on board, and bolts of canvas, and coils of rigging; in short, everything betokened that the ship's preparations were hurrying to a close.

   1. (nautical) The standard linear measurement of canvas for use at sea: 39 yards.
6. Senses involving sudden movement
   1. A small personal-armour-piercing missile for short-range use, or (in common usage though deprecated by experts) a short arrow, intended to be shot from a crossbow or a catapult.
   2. A lightning spark, i.e., a lightning bolt. (See thunderbolt.)

      He had seen lightning bolts yesterday night.

   3. A sudden event, action or emotion.

      The problem's solution struck him like a bolt from the blue.

      • 1994, Stephen Fry, chapter 2, in The Hippopotamus:

        With a bolt of fright he remembered that there was no bathroom in the Hobhouse Room. He leapt along the corridor in a panic, stopping by the long-case clock at the end where he flattened himself against the wall.

   4. A sudden spring or start; a sudden leap aside.

      The horse made a bolt.

   5. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors.
      • 1887, Charles Reade, Compton Reade, Charles Reade, Dramatist, Novelist, Journalist: A Memoir:

        This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America — or anywhere.

   6. (US, politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party.
   7. A burst of speed or efficiency.
      • 2018 June 17, Barney Ronay, “Mexico’s Hirving Lozano stuns world champions Germany for brilliant win”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 5 August 2019:

        In the event they lacked a proper midfield bolt, with Toni Kroos and Sami Khedira huffing around in pursuit of the whizzing green machine. The centre-backs looked flustered, left to deal with three on two as Mexico broke. Löw’s 4-2-3-1 seemed antiquated and creaky, with the old World Cup shark Thomas Müller flat-footed in a wide position.

派生語

派生した語

参考

動詞

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

1. (transitive) To connect or assemble pieces using a bolt.

   Bolt the vice to the bench.

2. (transitive, figurative) To affix in a crude or unnatural manner.
   • 2000 September 14, Brennan Young, “to all of you pro programmers out there.”, in macromedia.flash‎ (Usenet):

     Most languages are *not* based on C++. C++ is a complicated mess. It's C with object oriented features bolted on as an afterthought and no-one in their right mind would want to base another language on it.

   • 2013, Days N' Daze, “Call in the Coroner”, in Rogue Taxidermy:

     Going through the motions with an empty smile bolted on my face

3. (transitive) To secure a door by locking or barring it.

   Bolt the door.

   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Advocate”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 122:

     If that double-bolted land, Japan, is ever to become hospitable, it is the whale-ship alone to whom the credit will be due; for already she is on the threshold.

4. (intransitive) To flee, to depart, to accelerate away suddenly.

   Seeing the snake, the horse bolted.

   The actor forgot his line and bolted from the stage.

   • 1627, Michaell [i.e., Michael] Drayton, “The Moone Calfe”, in The Battaile of Agincourt. […], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for William Lee, […], →OCLC, page 178:

     This Pucke ſeems but a dreaming dolt, / Still vvalking like a ragged Colt, / And oft out of a buſh doth bolt, / Of purpoſe to deceiue vs, / And leading vs makes vs to ſtray.

   • 1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 87:

     Bradly was embarrassed, detected in the character of a snooper. But he had to come on, short of bolting back in his tracks.

5. (intransitive) To escape.
6. (transitive) To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge (an animal being hunted).

   to bolt a rabbit

7. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt.
   • 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 98:

     His cloudleſs thunder bolted on thir heads.

8. (intransitive, botany, of lettuce, spinach, garlic, onion, etc) To produce flower stalks and flowers or seeds quickly or prematurely; to form a bolt (stalk or scape); to go to seed.

   Lettuce and spinach will bolt as the weather warms up.

   • 1982, Dorothy Hinshaw Patent, Diane E. Bilderback, Garden Secrets: A Guide to Understanding how Your Garden Grows and how You Can Help it Grow Even Better, →ISBN:

     When an onion bolts and forms a flower stalk, the stem grows right up through the neck, forming a tough, fibrous tube that pierces the center of the bulb. The plant channels all its energy into this flower stalk, so no more fleshy  […]

   • 1995, Anne Raver, “Gandhi Gardening”, in Deep in the Green: An Exploration of Country Pleasures, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN:

     To be honest, this hasn't been my Garden of Eden year. […] The lettuce turned bitter and bolted. The Green Comet broccoli was good, but my coveted Romanescos never headed up.

   • 2011, Trina Clickner, A Miscellany of Garlic: From Paying Off Pyramids and Scaring Away Tigers to Inspiring Courage and Curing Hiccups, the Unusual Power Behind the World's Most Humble Vegetable, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

     Hardneck garlic bolts, which means it produces a single flower stalk, also known as a scape. It is considered to be far tastier and “gourmet.” You can find hardneck garlic mainly at farmers' markets […]

9. (transitive) To swallow food without chewing it.
   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 64, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 327:

     Though amid all the smoking horror and diabolism of a sea-fight, sharks will be seen longingly gazing up to the ship’s decks, like hungry dogs round a table where red meat is being carved, ready to bolt down every killed man that is tossed to them;

   • 1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Geographical Distribution”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 362:

     Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and after an interval of from twelve to twenty hours, disgorge pellets, which, as I know from experiments made in the Zoological Gardens, include seeds capable of germination.

10. (transitive) To drink one's drink very quickly; to down a drink.

    Come on, everyone, bolt your drinks; I want to go to the next pub!

11. (US, politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.
    • 1990 December 9, Richard Braun, “A Whole New Day For The Party: Giving Us A Voice”, in Gay Community News, volume 18, number 21, page 5:

      John Silber charged that people who bolted the Democratic Party in this election are "Kamakaze liberals", beneath contempt and clearly too stupid to deserve to vote.

12. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out.
    • 1634 October 9 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC, page 26, line 760:

      I hate when vice can bolt her arguments.

派生語

副詞

bolt (not comparable)

1. Suddenly; straight; unbendingly.

   The soldiers stood bolt upright for inspection.

   • 1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

     [He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon.

派生語

• bolt upright

参照

語源 2

From 中期英語 bulten, from Anglo-Norman buleter, Old French bulter (modern French bluter), from a Germanic source originally meaning "bag, pouch" cognate with Middle High German biuteln (“to sift”), from Proto-Germanic *buzdô (“beetle, grub, swelling”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰūs- (“to move quickly”). Cognate with Dutch buidel.

動詞

bolt (third-person singular simple present bolts, present participle bolting, simple past and past participle bolted)

1. To sift, especially through a cloth.
2. To sift the bran and germ from wheat flour.

   Graham flour is unbolted flour; in contrast, some other flours have been bolted.

3. To separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means.
   • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

     ill schooled in bolted language

   • 1692, Roger L’Estrange, “ (please specify the fable number.) (please specify the name of the fable.)”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC:

     Time and Nature will Bolt out the Truth of Things.

4. (law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law.
   • 1781, “The History and Antiquities of the Four Inns of Court”, in The Monthly Review:

     […] the old habits of mooting or bolting caſes (i.e. of public disputations), might make the ſtudent more ſubtle and acute

派生語

• bolt to the bran
• unbolted

名詞

bolt (plural bolts)

1. A sieve, especially a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter.
   • 1885, Canada. Patent Office, The Canadian Patent Office Record and Register of Copyrights and Trade Marks, page 279:

     The combination, in a flour bolt, of a reel head having a throat near its outer edge for the passage of the tailings and a series of revolving adjustable beaters, substantially as set forth.

   • 1886, The Mechanical News, page 120:

     We have a number of these reels in different mills that are bolting the break flour direct from the scalping reels and scalped through No. 8 cloth. […] Now, gentlemen, they require a much less number to do a given amount of work than any other known machine or bolt, and require less space and power.

   • 1896, United States. Patent Office, Decisions of the Commissioner of Patents and of the United States Courts in Patent and Trade-mark and Copyright Cases., page 493:

     As the material is agitated by the motion of the bolt, the flour falls through, while the smaller particles of bran are taken up by the current of air and carried off.

参照

• “bolt”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

アナグラム

• blot, Tbol, blót, TBol

発音

• IPA: /bolt/, [boɫt]

名詞

bolt m

1. bolt

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生した語

• Middle English: bolt
  • English: bolt
    • → Irish: bolta
    • → Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
    • → Maltese: bolt
    • → Mokilese: pwohl
    • → Russian: болт (bolt)
      • → Azerbaijani: bolt
      • → Ingrian: boltta
    • → Scottish Gaelic: bolta
  • → Welsh: bollt

参照