chorusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

The noun is borrowed from Medieval Latin chorus (“church choir”), Latin chorus (“group of dancers かつ singers; dance”), from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós, “group of dancers かつ singers, choir, chorus; dance accompanied by song; round dance”);^[1] further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to encircle, enclose”) or *ǵʰoros. Doublet of choir and hora.

The plural form chori is from Latin chorī, from Ancient Greek χοροί (khoroí).

The verb is derived from the noun.^[2]

発音

• Singular:
  • (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈkɔːɹəs/
  • (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈkɔɹəs/
  • 韻: -ɔːɹəs
  • ハイフネーション: chor‧us
• Plural (chori):
  • (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈkɔːɹaɪ/
  • (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈkɔɹaɪ/

名詞

chorus (複数形 choruses または chorusses または chori)

1. (Ancient Greece, historical)
   1. A group of singers and dancers in a theatrical performance or religious festival who commented on the main performance in speech or song.
      • 1603, Plutarch, “Why the Prophetesse Pythia Giveth No Answers Now from the Oracle in Verse or Meeter”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, OCLC 1051546006, page 1199:

        [W]ee would that the voice and dialect of the propheteſſe Pythia, reſembling the ſpeech of a Chorus in a tragedie from a ſcaffold, ſhould pronounce her anſwers not in ſimple, plaine, and triviall termes, without any grace to ſet them out, but with Poeticall magnificence of high and ſtately verſes, diſguiſed as it were with metaphors and figurative phraſes, yea, and that which more is, with ſound of flute and hautboies: […]

   2. A song performed by the singers of such a group.
      • 1642 (indicated as 1641), John Milton, The Reason of Church-governement Urg’d against Prelaty […], London: […] E[dward] G[riffin] for Iohn Rothwell, […], OCLC 4610908, 2nd book, page 39:

        And the Apocalyps of Saint Iohn is the majeſtick image of a high and ſtately Tragedy, ſhutting up and intermingling her ſolemn Scenes and Acts with a ſevenfold Chorus of halleluja's and harping ſymphonies: […]

2. (by extension, chiefly Britain, theater, historical) An actor who reads the prologue and epilogue of a play, and sometimes also acts as a commentator or narrator; also, a portion of a play read by this actor.
   • 1589–1592 (date written), Ch[ristopher] Marl[owe], The Tragicall History of D. Faustus. […], London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Thomas Bushell, published 1604, OCLC 863467733; republished as Hermann Breymann, editor, Doctor Faustus (Englische Sprach- und Literaturdenkmale des 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts; 5; Marlowes Werke: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe […]; II), Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg: Verlag von Gebr[üder] Henninger, 1889, OCLC 1020475087, scene XIV, lines 1519–1521, page 196:

     Enter Chorus. / [Chor.] Cut is the branch that might haue growne ful straight, / And burned is Apolloes’s Laurell bough, / That sometime grew within this learned man: […]

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, OCLC 84758312, [Act III, scene ii]:

     Ya're as good as a Chorus my lord.

   • 1600 (first performance)​, Benjamin Jonson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Cynthias Revels, or The Fountayne of Selfe-Loue. […]”, in The Workes of Ben Jonson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, OCLC 960101342, Act V, scene xi, page 267:

     Palinode. / Amo[rphus]. From ſpaniſh ſhrugs, french faces, ſmirks, irps, and all affected humours: / Chorvs. Good Mercvry defend vs.

   • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The VVinters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene i], page 289, column 2:

     Enter Time, the Chorus. [stage direction]

3. A group of singers performing together; a choir; specifically, such a group singing together in a musical, an opera, etc., as distinct from the soloists; an ensemble.

   The performance of the chorus was awe-inspiring and exhilarating.

4. (by extension) A group of people in a performance who recite together.
5. An instance of singing by a group of people.
   • 1848, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter I, in Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings; […], volume I, 2nd edition, London: Richard Bentley, […], OCLC 852824569, book I (The Norman Visitor, the Saxon King, かつ the Danish Prophetess), page 6:

     But once out of sight of those fearful precincts, the psalm was forgotten, and again broke, loud, clear, and silvery, the joyous chorus.

6. (figuratively)
   1. A group of people, animals, or inanimate objects who make sounds together.

      a chorus of crickets    a chorus of whiners

      • 2017 August 9, Shane Cashman, “The Moral History of Air-Conditioning”, in The Atlantic‎^[1]:

        More than just an appliance, the air conditioner is a memento mori. […] As summer proceeds, listen to the chorus of machines humming in the windows, outside the houses, atop the office buildings.

   2. The noise or sound made by such a group.

      a chorus of shouts and catcalls

      • 1848, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter I, in Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings; […], volume I, 2nd edition, London: Richard Bentley, […], OCLC 852824569, book I (The Norman Visitor, the Saxon King, かつ the Danish Prophetess), pages 18–19:

        As she came to the last line [of a song], her soft low voice seemed to awaken a chorus of sprightly horns and trumpets, and certain other wind instruments peculiar to the music of that day.

      • 2011 October 1, Phil McNulty, “Everton 0 – 2 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport‎^[2], archived from the original on 6 September 2021:

        At the end of a frantic first 45 minutes, there was still time for Charlie Adam to strike the bar from 20 yards before referee [Martin] Atkinson departed to a deafening chorus of jeering from Everton's fans.

7. (figuratively)
   1. A group of people who express a unanimous opinion.
      • 2022 November 2, “Windfall Taxes Are All the Rage. They Shouldn’t Be.”, in The Washington Post‎^[3]:

        So far, more than a dozen EU countries have either enacted a windfall tax or said they’re planning to. […] On Monday, US President Joe Biden joined the chorus, accusing oil companies of “war profiteering” and threatening them with big new levies if they fail to bring down consumer prices.

      • 2022 November 11, Hugo Lowell, “Rift in Trump’s inner circle over 2024 presidential campaign announcement”, in The Guardian‎^[4]:

        Donald Trump’s top political staffers at Mar-a-Lago are pressing him to move forward with his planned 2024 presidential campaign announcement next week but a chorus of allies are suggesting delaying until after the Senate runoff in Georgia in December, according to sources familiar with the matter.

   2. The opinion expressed by such a group.
      • 2019 February 17, Jamiles Lartey, “Popular book on marijuana's apparent dangers is pure alarmism, experts say”, in The Guardian‎^[5]:

        On Friday, 75 scholars and clinicians signed an open letter, joining a chorus of disagreement with Berenson by arguing that “establishing marijuana as a causal link to violence at the individual level is both theoretically and empirically problematic”.

8. (music)
   1. A piece of music, especially one in a larger work such as an opera, written to be sung by a choir in parts (for example, by sopranos, altos, tenors, かつ basses).
   2. A part of a song which is repeated between verses; a refrain.

      The catchiest part of most songs is the chorus.

      • 1751, [Tobias] Smollett, “An Account of Mr. Gamaliel Pickle. […]”, in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume I, London: Harrison and Co., […], published 1781, OCLC 316121541, page 10, column 1:

        [T]he commodore, the lieutenant, and landlord, joined in the chorus, repeating this elegant ſtanza: […]

      • 1862, T[homas] Oliphant; John Thomas, arranger, “No. 15. Nos Galan. New Year’s Eve. [Deck the Halls]”, in Welsh Melodies: With Welsh and English Poetry, London: Addison, Hollier & Lucas, OCLC 1118307767, stanza 2, page 140:

        See the flowing bowl before us, / Fa, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la! / Strike the harp and join the chorus. / Fa, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la!

   3. The main part of a pop song played after the introduction.
   4. A group of organ pipes or organ stops intended to be played simultaneously; a compound stop; also, the sound made by such pipes or stops.
   5. (often attributively) A feature or setting in electronic music that makes one instrument sound like many.
   6. (Christianity) A simple, often repetitive, song intended to be sung in a group during informal worship.
   7. (jazz) The improvised solo section in a small group performance.
      • 2002, Thomas E. Larson, History and Tradition of Jazz, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing, →ISBN:

        Of additional interest is the riff in the second chorus, which was later copied by Joe Garland and recorded by the Glenn Miller Orchestra as "In the Mood," becoming the biggest hit of the Swing Era.

      • 2014, Thomas Brothers, “‘Some Kind of a God’”, in Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism, New York, N.Y.; London: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton & Company, →ISBN, page 299:

        Jazz solos in the 1920s are much more about variety and discontinuity than unity and coherence. The explosive introduction, the instrutable and tender scat-clarinet dialogue, the spritely piano chorus, and the majestic trumpet chorus—contrast is far more important than unity.

派生語

関連する語

動詞

chorus (三人称単数 現在形 choruses, 現在分詞 chorusing または chorussing, 過去形および過去分詞形 chorused または chorussed)

1. (transitive)
   1. To sing (a song), express (a sentiment), or recite or say (words) in chorus.

      Synonym: (of two people) duet

      • 1826, Allan Cunningham, chapter V, in Paul Jones; a Romance. […], volume II, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, OCLC 459003796, page 125:

        In the middle of the little woody bay, or rather basin, which received the scanty waters of the stream, an armed sloop lay at anchor, and he heard the din of license and carousal on board,—the hasty oath—the hearty laugh—and the boisterous song, chorussed by a score of rough voices, which made the bay re-echo.

      • 1826, [Walter Scott], chapter XIV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, OCLC 991895633, page 362:

        Shortly afterwards, all England was engaged in chorussing his favourite ditty— […]

      • 1893, Lewis Carroll [pseudonym; Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], “Jabbering and Jam”, in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded, London; New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., OCLC 1061866646, page 157:

        […] I could not even affect to join in the stereotyped "Oh, thank you!" which was chorused around me.

      • 1953 June 22, “Great Britain: Two-way Scrutiny”, in Thomas Stanley Matthews, editor, Time‎^[6], New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., ISSN 0928-8430, OCLC 224518090:

        But soon they streamed ashore, fresh-faced young sailormen in small and large parties directed by ship's officers and Russian embassy guides. They drove to London, to Salisbury Cathedral, to Windsor Castle, chorusing sea chanteys and waving at girls.

      • 1955, Evelyn E. Smith, “Weather Prediction”, in Isaac Asimov, Terry Carr, and Martin H[arry] Greenberg, editors, 100 Great Fantasy Short Stories, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, published 1984, →ISBN:

        The Cottons chorused grateful acknowledgement.

      • 1957 December 15, “Satellites: The Quavering Chorus”, in Time‎^[7], New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., ISSN 0928-8430, OCLC 224518090:

        From Peking to Berlin the rulers of the Communist world dutifully chorused delight at [Nikita] Khrushchev's coup.

      • 1981, Wole Soyinka, chapter XIII, in Aké: The Years of Childhood (The Vintage Library of Contemporary World Literature), Aventura Books edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage, published September 1983, →ISBN, page 194:

        Again the women chorussed their approval.

      • 1982–1984, Wu Cheng’en, “When the Heart Spirit Stays in the Home the Demons Submit; the Mother of Wood Helps Bring Monsters to the Truth”, in W[illiam] J[ohn] F[rancis] Jenner, transl., Journey to the West, volume III, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, published 1997, →ISBN, page 178:

        The evil spirit caught up with him, unwound his trunk that was like a python, wrapped it around Pig and carried him back in triumph to the cave. The devilish host chorused a paean of victory as they swarmed back.

      • 1999, Simon Schama, “Amsterdam Anatomized”, in Rembrandt’s Eyes (A Borzoi Book), New York: N.Y.: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, →ISBN, part 4 (The Prodigal), section i (The City in Five Senses), page 315:

        Elsewhere, within the walls of other charity houses, orphans' voices chorused hymns or recitations from Scripture, […]

      • 2009, Dai Sijie, chapter 3, in Adriana Hunter, transl., Once on a Moonless Night (A Borzoi Book), 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, →ISBN, page 93:

        I also remember a Children's Day celebration organised by our local academy where the little Westerners performed a piece called The Just War: […] They jumped right up and, while they were suspended in the air, drove their bayonets into an imaginary enemy's throat, chorusing 'Kill! kill! kill!'

   2. To express concurrence with (something said by another person); to echo.
      • 1849 March 17​, Edgar Allan Poe, “Hop-Frog”, in The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe: […], volume II (Poems かつ Miscellanies), New York, N.Y.: J. S. Redfield, […], published 1850, OCLC 123306833, page 458:

        "Yes," said the king; "Come, Hop-Frog, lend us your assistance. Characters, my fine fellow; we stand in need of characters—all of us—ha! ha! ha!" and as this was seriously meant for a joke, his laugh was chorused by the seven.

   3. (rare) To provide (a song) with a chorus or refrain.
      • 1701 January (indicated as 1700), [Daniel Defoe], “Part II”, in The True-Born Englishman. A Satyr, [London: s.n.], OCLC 606597370, page 55:

        Let ev'ry Song be Choruſt with his Name. / And Muſick pay her Tribute to his Fame.

2. (intransitive)
   1. To sing the chorus or refrain of a song.
      • 1785, James Boswell, The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D, Wednesday, 8th September, 1773, [8]

        Malcolm sung an Erse song, the chorus of which was 'Hatyin foam foam eri', with words of his own. […] the boatmen and Mr M’Queen chorused, and all went well.

   2. To sing, express, or say in, or as if in, unison.
      • 1748, [Samuel Richardson], “Letter XXX. Mr. Lovelace, to John Belford, Esq.”, in Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume VI, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], OCLC 13631815, page 99:

        Then they all chorus'd upon me—Such a character as Miſs Harlowe's! cry'd one—A lady of ſo much generoſity and good ſenſe! another— […]

      • 1933, "No Slice for Teachers" in Time, 14 August, 1933, [9]

        Six State Commissioners of Education gloomily chorused about retrenchments, pay cuts and shut-down schools in Alabama, Missouri, Tennessee, Washington, Massachusetts and Maine.

      • 1945 August 17, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter IX, in Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, OCLC 3655473; republished as Animal Farm (eBook no. 0100011h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg Australia, March 2008:

        The animals crowded round the van. "Good-bye, Boxer!" they chorused, "good-bye!"

      • 1985, George Robertson, Hansard, 1 July, 1985, [10]

        Without an abatement agreement there would have been no chorusing from the government about the great success and triumph that Fontainebleau represented for Britain.

      • 1986, Anthony Winkler, The Painted Canoe, University of Chicago Press, Chapter 2, p. 20, [11]

        Others in the crowded bus, having nothing better to do, took up the cry, and soon many of the higglers were chorusing about the ugliness of the fisherman playing dominoes.

      • 1998, George Galloway, Hansard, 25 November, 1998, [12]

        When I asked that question in the House recently, a number of Tel Aviv's little echoes in the Chamber chorused that Israel was a democracy.

   3. To echo in unison another person's words.
      • 1947, "Miracle Man" in Time, 20 October, 1947, [13]

        Then she shouted: "Viva our Lady of Grace," and the crowd chorused.

   4. Of animals: to make cries or sounds together.
      • 1987, Tanith Lee, Night's Sorceries, New York: Daw Books, p. 122,

        Then the cocks began to crow in the town beneath the hill, and the birds chorused in the fields, and a pale yellow poppy colored the east.

      • 1998, Italo Calvino, The Path to the Spiders' Nests, translated by Archibald Colquhoun, revised by Martin McLaughlin, Hopewell, NJ: The Ecco Press, 1998, Chapter Two, p. 51,

        The hens are now sleeping in rows on their perches in the coops, and the frogs are out of the water and chorusing away along the bed of the whole torrent, from source to mouth.

派生語

• choruser
• out-chorus

参照

Further reading

• ensemble (musical theatre) on Wikipedia.
• Greek chorus on Wikipedia.
• refrain on Wikipedia.
• chorus (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.
• Chorus in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

アナグラム

• urochs

Latin

語源

From Ancient Greek χορός (khorós), a group of actors who recite and sing together.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰo.rus/, [ˈkʰɔrʊs̠]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈko.rus/, [ˈkɔːrus]

名詞

chorus m (genitive chorī); second declension

1. chorus (all forms)

語形変化

Second-declension noun.

関連する語

• chorāgium
• chorāgus

派生した語

参照

• “chorus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “chorus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• chorus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• chorus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[14], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the Chorus in Tragedy: caterva, chorus
    
  • a choric ode in a tragedy: carmen chori, canticum
    
• “chorus”, in The Perseus Project (1999) Perseus Encyclopedia‎^[15]
• “chorus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “chorus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin