litteraとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:

• From earlier lītera, the existence of which is disputed^[1], with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the littera rule^[2]), from Old Latin leitera (attested ca. 122 BC^[3], argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to lino^[4]), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. opera from opus), related to Latin linō (“smear”) and Proto-Italic *linō (“smear”),^[5] ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“smear”). A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as *leyt- (“to scratch”).^[6]

However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from lino is actually litus with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".^[1]

• Alternatively, perhaps via Etruscan from (または related to, as if from a common source) Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “leather; writing material”) which is claimed by Hesychius to be used to name tablets as well,^[4] of unknown ultimate origin.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlʲɪt̪ːɛrä]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlit̪ːerä]

名詞

littera f (genitive litterae); first declension

1. letter (of the alphabet)
2. (metonymically) handwriting
   • 106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2:

     Tam Alexidis manum amabam, quod tam prope accedebat ad similitudinem tuae litterae; non amabam, quod indicabat te non valere.

     While I was liking the handwriting of Alexis for it resembled so closely a likeness to your own handwriting, I wasn't liking it for it was indicating that you were not well.

3. (usually in the plural) letter, epistle

   Litteras resignare.

   To unseal (または open) a letter.

4. (usually in the plural) literature

   Abest historia litteris nostris.

   The story is missing from our literature.

   Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.

   If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

5. (usually in the plural, by extension) letters, knowledge of literature, learning, scholarship
6. (usually in the plural) books (often a collection of letters, epistles, accounts, records, etc.)
7. (usually in the plural) record(s), account(s), document(s)
8. (usually in the plural) edict, ordinance

   Praetoris litterae.

   A praetor's edict.

   Litteras revocavit.

   A letter of appointment. (a commission)

使用する際の注意点

• litterae missae means "a letter sent by a person" and litterae allatae a "a letter received" hence, liber litterarum missarum et allatarum meant a letter-book.

語形変化

First-declension noun.

派生語

派生した語

参照

Further reading

• “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “littera”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• littera in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• littera in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[3], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits: litterarum studium or tractatio (not occupatio)
    
  • learned, scientific, literary men: homines litterarum studiosi
    
  • scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb: litterae iacent, neglectae iacent
    
  • to be engaged in the pursuit of letters: litteras colere
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras amplecti
    
  • to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters: litteras adamasse (only in perf. かつ plup.)
    
  • to be engaged in literary pursuits: in studio litterarum versari
    
  • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
    
  • to be an ardent student of..: summo studio in litteris versari
    
  • to devote oneself entirely to literature: se totum litteris tradere, dedere
    
  • to be quite engrossed in literary studies: se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere
    
  • to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work: in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)
    
  • to find recreation in study: in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere
    
  • to devote one's life to science, study: aetatem in litteris ducere, agere
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • to employ all one's energies on literary work: omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
    
  • to relax one's studies: litterarum studia remittere
    
  • to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences: primis (ut dicitur) or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras
    
  • literature: litterae
    
  • written records; documents: litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta
    
  • Roman literature: litterae latinae
    
  • shining lights in the literary world: clarissima litterarum lumina
    
  • to study Greek literature: graecis litteris studere
    
  • to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
    
  • acquainted with the Latin language: latinis litteris or latine doctus
    
  • to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
    
  • to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum または eruditionis expertem esse または [rerum] rudem esse)
    
  • to have received a liberal education: litteras scire
    
  • profound scientific education: litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae
    
  • for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • to have received a superficial education: litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse
    
  • to be educated by some one: litteras discere ab aliquo
    
  • an elementary school: ludus (discendi または litterarum)
    
  • to receive the first elements of a liberal education: primis litterarum elementis imbui
    
  • to teach some one letters: erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)
    
  • to write expositions of philosophy in Latin: philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)
    
  • to study historical records, read history: evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta
    
  • to hold by the letter (of the law): verba ac litteras or scriptum (legis) sequi (opp. sententia the spirit)
    
  • to lengthen the pronunciation of a syllable or letter: syllabam, litteram producere (opp. corripere) (Quintil. 9. 4. 89)
    
  • to pronounce the syllables distinctly: litteras exprimere (opp. obscurare)
    
  • to the letter; literally: ad litteram, litterate
    
  • the alphabet: litterarum ordo
    
  • the alphabet: litterae, elementa
    
  • to arrange in alphabetical order: ad litteram or litterarum ordine digerere
    
  • to put down in writing: litteris mandare or consignare aliquid (Acad. 2. 1. 2)
    
  • to treat in writing: litteris persequi (vid. sect. VIII. 2, note persequi...) aliquid
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • correspondence: litterae missae et allatae
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • to take a letter somewhere: litteras perferre aliquo
    
  • to read a letter aloud (in public): litteras recitare (Att. 8. 9. 2)
    
  • a letter, the tenor of which is..: litterae hoc exemplo (Att. 9. 6. 3)
    
  • the terms, contents of the letter are as follows: litterae in hanc sententiam or his verbis scriptae sunt
    
  • to deliver a letter dated September 21st: litteras reddere datas a. d. Kal. X. Octob.
    
  • a most courteous letter: litterae officii or humanitatis plenae
    
• littera in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[4], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• Blažek, Václav (2018), “Toward the Etymology of Latin littera”, in Graeco-Latina Brunensia, volume 23, issue 2, page 5

アナグラム

• tāliter