英和和英

発音

• (General American) IPA: /ɹɪɹ/, /ɹɪəɹ/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɹɪə(ɹ)/, [ɹɪə̯(ɹ)]
• 韻: -ɪə(ɹ)

語源 1

From 中期英語 reren (“to raise”), from 古期英語 rǣran (“to raise, set upright, promote, exalt, begin, create, give rise to, excite, rouse, arouse, stir up”), from Proto-West Germanic *raiʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *raizijaną, *raisijaną (“to cause to rise, raise”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rey- (“to lift oneself, rise”).

Cognate with Scots rere (“to construct, build, rear”), Icelandic reisa (“to raise”), Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan, “to cause to rise, lift up, establish”), German reisen (“to travel”, literally “to rear up and depart”); and a doublet of raise. More at rise.

Related to rise and raise, which is used for several of its now archaic or obsolete senses and for some of its senses that are currently more common in other dialects of English.

別の表記

• reer, rere, rare (all obsolete)

動詞

rear (third-person singular simple present rears, present participle rearing, simple past and past participle reared)

1. (transitive) To bring up to maturity, as offspring; to educate; to instruct; to foster.
   • 1694, Thomas Southerne, Isabella: Or The Fatal Marriage:

     He wants a father to protect his youth, and rear him up to virtue.

2. (transitive, said of people towards animals) To breed and raise.

   The family has been rearing cattle for 200 years.

3. (intransitive) To rise up on the hind legs.

   The horse was shocked, and thus reared.

4. (intransitive, usually with "up") To get angry.
5. (intransitive) To rise high above, tower above.
6. (transitive, literary) To raise physically or metaphorically; to lift up; to cause to rise, to elevate.

   Poverty reared its ugly head. (appeared, started, began to have an effect)

   The monster slowly reared its head.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     In adoration at his feet I fell Submiss; he reared me.

   • 1835, Lord Lytton, Rienzi, the Last of the Roman Tribunes:

     Mine [shall be] the first hand to rear her banner.

7. (transitive, rare) To construct by building; to set up

   to rear defenses or houses

   to rear one government on the ruins of another.

   • 1847, Alfred Tennyson, “Prologue”, in The Princess: A Medley, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:

     One reared a font of stone.

8. (transitive, rare) To raise spiritually; to lift up; to elevate morally.
   • 1700, Isaac Barrow, Of Industry...:

     It reareth our hearts from vain thoughts.

9. (transitive, obsolete) To lift and take up.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 19:

     And hauing her from Trompart lightly reard, / Vpon his Courser set the louely lode,

10. (transitive, obsolete) To rouse; to strip up.
    • 1684, John Dryden, The Second Epode of Horace:

      And seeks the tusky boar to rear.

使用する際の注意点

• It is standard US English to raise children, and this usage has become common in all kinds of English since the 1700s. Until fairly recently, however, US teachers taught the traditional rule that one should raise crops and animals, but rear children, despite the fact that this contradicted general usage. It is therefore not surprising that some people still prefer to rear children and that this is considered correct but formal in US English. It is widespread in UK English and not considered formal.

• It is generally considered incorrect to rear crops or (adult) animals in US English, but this expression is common in UK English.

同意語

• (rise up on the hind legs): prance

派生語

語源 2

From 中期英語 rere, from Anglo-Norman rere, ultimately from Latin retro. Compare arrear. Doublet of retro.

形容詞

rear (not comparable)

1. Being behind, or in the hindmost part; hindmost.

   the rear rank of a company

   sit in the rear seats of a car

反意語

• front

副詞

rear (not comparable)

1. (British, dialect) early; soon
   • 1714, John Gay, The Shepherd's Week:

     Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear!

名詞

rear (plural rears)

1. The back or hindmost part; that which is behind, or last in order.

   Antonym: front

   • 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 91:

     Nipt with the lagging rear of winters froſt.

2. (military) Specifically, the part of an army or fleet which comes last, or is stationed behind the rest.
   • 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, line 78:

     When the fierce Foe hung on our brok'n Rear

3. (anatomy) The buttocks or bottom.

同意語

• (buttocks): rear end

派生語

• in the rear with the gear
• my rear

動詞

rear (third-person singular simple present rears, present participle rearing, simple past and past participle reared)

1. To place in the rear; to secure the rear of.
2. (transitive, vulgar, British) To sodomize (perform anal sex)

派生語

語源 3

From 中期英語 reren, from 古期英語 hrēran (“to move, shake, agitate”), from Proto-Germanic *hrōzijaną (“to stir”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱroHs- (“to mix, stir, cook”). Cognate with Dutch roeren (“to stir, shake, whip”), German rühren (“to stir, beat, move”), Swedish röra (“to touch, move, stir”), Icelandic hræra (“to stir”).

別の表記

• reer, rere (all obsolete)

動詞

rear (third-person singular simple present rears, present participle rearing, simple past and past participle reared)

1. (transitive) To move; stir.
2. (transitive, of geese) To carve.

   Rear that goose!

3. (regional, obsolete) To revive, bring to life, quicken. (only in the phrase, to rear to life)

   He healeth the blind and he reareth to life the dead.

   (Speculum Sacerdotale c. 15th century)

使用する際の注意点

• In the sense "bring to life", the more common variant of to rear to life is to raise to life. “I pray you, Declan, servant of God, that in the name of Christ you would raise to life for me the seven hostages whom I held in bondage from the chieftains of Munster." (Life of Saint Declan of Ardmore By Saint Declan of Ardmore, Aeterna Press, 2015.)

関連する語

• reremouse
• uproar

参照

• The Middle English Dictionary

語源 4

From 中期英語 rere, from 古期英語 hrēr, hrēre (“not thoroughly cooked, underdone, lightly boiled”), from hrēran (“to move, shake, agitate”), from Proto-Germanic *hrōzijaną (“to stir”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱroHs- (“to mix, stir, cook”). Related to 古期英語 hrōr (“stirring, busy, active, strong, brave”), Dutch roeren (“to stir, shake, whip”), German rühren (“to stir, beat, move”), Swedish röra (“to touch, move, stir”), Icelandic hræra (“to stir”).

別の表記

• reer, rere
• rare (US)

形容詞

rear (comparative rearer or more rear, superlative rearest or most rear)

1. (now chiefly dialectal) (of eggs) Underdone; nearly raw.
2. (chiefly US) (of meats) Rare.
   • 2017, Dr. Ardeshir Irani, Short Tales of the Old Wild West:

     Fred ordered a rear steak along with a glass of beer as he took a seat at an empty table

派生語

• rear-boiled
• rear-roasted

アナグラム

• arré, rare