英和和英

別の表記

• understaund (obsolete)

語源

From 中期英語 understanden, from 古期英語 understandan (“to understand”), from Proto-West Germanic *understandan (“to stand between, understand”), from Proto-Germanic *understandaną (“to stand between, understand”), equivalent to 古期英語 under- (“between, inter-”) + standan (“to stand”) (Modern English under- +‎ stand). Cognate with Old Frisian understonda (“to understand, experience, learn”), Old High German understantan (“to understand”), Middle Danish understande (“to understand”). Compare also Saterland Frisian understunda, unnerstounde (“to dare, survey, measure”), Dutch onderstaan (“to undertake, presume”), German unterstehen (“to be subordinate”).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: ŭn(′)dər-stănd', IPA: /ˌʌndəˈstænd/, /ʌndəˈstænd/
• (General American) enPR: ŭn′dər-stănd', IPA: /ˌʌndɚˈstænd/, [ˌʌɾ̃ɚˈstæ̃nd], [ˌʌɾ̃ɚˈsteə̯nd]
  • (æ-tensing) IPA: /ˌʌndɚˈsteə̯nd/
• (Canada) IPA: /ˌʌndɚˈstænd/
• (Ireland) IPA: /ˌɞndəɹˈstand/
• (Indic) IPA: /əɳɖə(r)ˈsʈaɳɖ/, /əɳˈɖɜ(r).sʈəɳɖ/
• ハイフネーション: un‧der‧stand
• 韻: -ænd

動詞

understand (third-person singular simple present understands, present participle understanding, simple past and past participle understood)

1. (transitive, intransitive, of communication or means of communication: words, statements, signs, etc.) To know the meaning of; to parse or have parsed correctly; to comprehend.

   Can you repeat what you just said? I didn't understand.

   • 1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

     Thus, when he drew up instructions in lawyer language, he expressed the important words by an initial, a medial, or a final consonant, and made scratches for all the words between; his clerks, however, understood him very well.

   • 1950, L. Ron Hubbard, Dianetics‎, New Era Publications, published 1999, →ISBN, →OCLC, page ix:

     In reading this book, be very certain you never go past a word you do not fully understand.

   • 2013 June 14, Sam Leith, “Where the Profound Meets the Profane”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 1, page 37:

     Swearing doesn't just mean what we now understand by "dirty words". It is entwined, in social and linguistic history, with the other sort of swearing: vows and oaths.

   • 2024 February 5, Stephen Collinson, “Trump’s legal battles are at a critical moment with major implications for the 2024 election”, in CNN‎:

     With his legal maneuverings, Trump is showing that he also understands the implications of this election — one that could give him substantial powers as president to defray or dismiss many of the legal threats that he’s facing and to behave in office without future accountability.

   1. (transitive, generally) To know the meaning of.
      • 1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, section I, page 14:

        ‘[…] I came back here, had a wank and finished that book.’
        ‘The Naked Lunch?’
        ‘Yeah.’
        ‘What did you reckon?’
        ‘Crap.’
        ‘You’re just saying that because you didn’t understand it,’ said Adrian.
        ‘I’m just saying that because I did understand it,’ said Tom. ‘Any road up, we’d better start making some toast. […]’

2. (transitive, of a skill, task, profession, etc.) To be thoroughly familiar with; to be able to undertake properly.

   The students understood the assignment.

3. (transitive, usually with clause as object) To comprehend a fact or principle; to regard or come to regard a belief as such.

   I understand that company policy says I can't get a refund, but can you make an exception?

   There's been no formal declaration, but it's understood that a state of war exists between the two countries

   • 2024 November 14, Lauren del Valle, “After suicide of nonbinary teen, DOE finds multiple Title IX violations at Oklahoma school district”, in CNN‎:

     “While we continue to believe the original complaint made to OCR was based on inaccurate information, OPS understands the importance for the district to remain in compliance with Title IX regulations in regard to policies, procedures, training, and documentation,” Coates’ statement said.

4. (transitive, of people) To know the intent, motives or character of; (of events) to know the causes of or reasons for.

   One day you say you love me, the next you ignore me—I don't understand you!

5. (transitive) To believe or infer, to think one grasps sufficiently despite potentially incomplete knowledge.

   I've been given to understand that you have a package for me?

   At least four people are understood to have been injured.

6. (transitive, grammar) To regard as present when not.

   In the imperative mood, the word “you” is usually understood.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

     ‘I understand that the district was considered a sort of sanctuary,’ the Chief was saying.

7. (humorous, rare, obsolete outside circus, acrobatics) To stand underneath, to support.
   • c. 1590–1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Two Gentlemen of Verona”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene v]:

     LAUNE: Ay, and what I do too: look thee, I'll but lean, and my staff understands me.
     SPEED: It stands under thee, indeed.
     LAUNCE:Why, stand-under and under-stand is all one.

使用する際の注意点

• In its sense of "imputing meaning", use is usually limited to the past participle understood.
• The obsolete perfect form understanded is occasionally found, e.g. in the Book of Common Prayer and the 39 Articles of the Anglican Church.

Conjugation

同意語

• (to fully grasp a concept): apprehend, comprehend, grasp, know, perceive, pick up what someone is putting down, realise, get, compass, conceive, discern, grok
• (to believe one grasps a concept): believe

反意語

• misunderstand

派生語

間投詞

understand

1. (Singapore, Malaysia, backchanneling) Uh-huh, I see; a way to acknowledge something said by the other speaker.

参考

• explain
• why

Further reading

• “understand”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “understand”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

アナグラム

• unstranded