-ingとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
• (英国発音) (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent) IPA^(key): /ɪŋɡ/^[1]
• (英国発音) (Kent) IPA^(key): /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
• (米国発音 かつ Canada, sometimes) IPA^(key): /in/, /iŋ/
• (米国発音, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)^[2]
• (英国発音, General Australian) Homophone: ink (some dialects)

語源 1

From Middle English -ing, from 古期英語 -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

接尾辞

-ing

2. Used to form nouns or noun-like words (または elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
   1. As true nouns.

      My hearing is not good.

      I have had several meetings with him.

   2. As gerunds.

      Smoking is bad for your health.

      She has a habit of sleeping late.

      I like meeting people.

3. Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.

   Roofing is material that is used to roof.

   Clothing is material with which one is clothed.

   The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

使用する際の注意点

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

the activating of the weapon must be stopped

the act of activating the weapon must be stopped

the activation of the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g. /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). ^[3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

同意語

• (act of doing something, action): -tion, -ment
• (activity): -ery, -ment
• (collection): -age, -ery

派生語

参考

• (collection): work

語源 2

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from 古期英語 -ende (現在分詞 ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (現在分詞 ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -�������� (-ands), -�������� (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

接尾辞

-ing

2. Used to form present participles of verbs.

   Rolling stones gather no moss.

   You are making a mess.

   • a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”

     If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

語源 3

From Middle English -ing, from 古期英語 -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

接尾辞

-ing

1. (no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.

   Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing

   Browning, Channing, Ewing

   ‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting

   ‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling

   ‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing

2. Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

   ‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting

   ‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting

   ‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding

派生語

参考

• -ed

参照

アナグラム

• GNI, IGN, NGI, gin, nig

発音

• IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

語源 1

Variant of -ung.

別の表記

• -ung

接尾辞

-ing

1. Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

語形変化

派生語

語源 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

接尾辞

-ing

1. Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

派生語

固有名詞

Ing m

1. a male given name
   • 8th or 9th century, Unknown, Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem:

     Ing ƿæs ærest mid Eástdenum geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan eást ofer ƿæg geƿát.

2. name of a rune