英和和英

別の表記

• Winter

語源

From 中期英語 winter, from 古期英語 winter, from Proto-West Germanic *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz (“winter”). Cognate with West Frisian winter (“winter”), Dutch winter (“winter”), German Winter (“winter”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish vinter (“winter”), Faroese and Icelandic vetur (“winter”).

発音

• (non-rhotic)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈwɪntə/, [ˈwɪntʰə]
• (rhotic)
  • (米国発音, Canada)
    • (without nt-flapping) IPA: /ˈwɪntɚ/, [ˈwɪntʰɚ] ~ [ˈwɪntʰɹ̩]
    • (nt-flapping) IPA: /ˈwɪɾ̃ɚ/, [ˈwɪɾ̃ɚ] ~ [ˈwɪɾ̃ɹ̩]; /ˈwɪn̆ɚ/, [ˈwɪn̆ɚ] ~ [ˈwɪn̆ɹ̩]
• 韻: -ɪntə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: win‧ter
• Homophone: winner (米国発音, Canada, nt-flapping)

名詞

winter (countable and uncountable, plural winters)

1. Traditionally the fourth of the four seasons, typically regarded as spanning either the period between the winter solstice to the spring equinox, or the months of December, January, and February in temperate and polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the months of June, July, and August in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the time when the sun is lowest in the sky, resulting in short days, and the time of year with the lowest atmospheric temperatures for the region.
   • a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie."‎, London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

     Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

   • 1592, Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part 1:

     And after summer evermore succeeds
     Barren winter, with his wrathful nipping cold.

   • 1650, Thomas Browne, “Of the Cameleon”, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica: […], 2nd edition, London: […] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, […], →OCLC, 3rd book, page 133:

     It cannot be denied it [the chameleon] is (if not the moſt of any) a very abſtemious animall, and ſuch as by reaſon of its frigidity, paucity of bloud, and latitancy in the winter (about which time the obſervations are often made) will long ſubſist without a viſible ſuſtentation.

   • 1785, William Cowper, “Tirocinium: or, A Review of Schools." in The Poems of William Cowper, Vol. II., The Press of C. Whittingham (1822), page 174:

     There shall he learn, ere sixteen winters old,
     That [...]

   • 1897, William Morris, The Water of the Wondrous Isles, volume I, Longmans, Green and Co., published 1914, page 2:

     […] a woman, tall, and strong of aspect, of some thirty winters by seeming, [...]

2. (figuratively, poetic) The period of decay, old age, death, or the like.
   • 1814, William Wordsworth, The Excursion:

     Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge.

   • 2023, Ben Armstrong, Catching Up to Crypto, page 78:

     Buterin seemed to sense that the market was out of balance, and he made a smart decision that helped Ethereum weather the crypto winter and continue to build while the market was down.

3. (countable, fashion) Someone with dark skin, eyes and hair, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.
4. (obsolete) An appliance to be fixed on the front of a grate, to keep a kettle warm, etc.
5. (India, archaic) The rainy season.
   • 1584, Barret, in Hakl. ii. 413

     Note that the Citie of Goa is the principall place of all the Oriental India, and the winter thus beginneth the 15 of May, with very great raine.

   • 1610, Finch, in Purchas, i. 423

     The Winter heere beginneth about the first of Iune and dureth till the twentieth of September, but not with continuall raines as at Goa, but for some sixe or seuen dayes every change and full, with much wind, thunder and raine.

   • 1678, Fryer, 410

     In Winter (when they rarely stir) they have a Mumjama, or Wax Cloth to throw over it […]

   • 1770,—Raynal, tr. 1777, i. 34

     The mere breadth of these mountains divides summer from winter, that is to say, the season of fine weather from the rainy […] all that is meant by winter in India is the time of the year when the clouds […] are driven violently by the winds against the mountains, […]

使用する際の注意点

• Note that season names are not capitalized in modern English except where any noun would be capitalized, e.g. at the beginning of a sentence or as part of a name (Old Man Winter, the Winter War, Summer Glau). This is in contrast to the days of the week and months of the year, which are always capitalized (Thursday or September).

下位語

派生語

参考

動詞

winter (third-person singular simple present winters, present participle wintering, simple past and past participle wintered)

1. (intransitive) To spend the winter (in a particular place).

   When they retired, they hoped to winter in Florida.

   • 2022 December 27, “Ukraine war: Five ways conflict could go in 2023”, in BBC News‎:

     Those who seek to invade another country anywhere across the great Eurasian steppes are condemned eventually to winter in it.

2. (transitive) To store something (for instance animals) somewhere over winter to protect it from cold.

派生語

• overwinter
• Wintered Over Device
• winterer
• wintering

アナグラム

• Trewin, twiner

発音

• IPA: /ˈwin.ter/

名詞

winter m

1. winter
   • late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History

     ...þis ēalond hafað myċele lengran dagas on sumera, ⁊ swā ēac nihta on wintra, þonne ðā sūðdǣlas middanġeardes.

     ...this island has much longer days in the summer, and equally longer nights in the winter, than the southern parts of the world..

2. year
   • The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn

     Iċ ðē seċġe lxxx wintra of ðām trēowcynne ðe is nemned Sem.

     I tell thee, eighty years, of the wood that is called Sem

   • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

     An. DCCXLI Hēr Æþelheard cing forðferde, ⁊ feng Cūþrēd tō Westseaxna rīċe, ⁊ heold XXVI wintra, ⁊ heardlīċe hē ġewann wiþ Æþelwald cing. ⁊ Cūþbriht wæs tō arċebisċeope ġehālgod, ⁊ Dunn bisċeop tō Hrofesċeastre.

     Year 741 In this year King Aethelhard died, and Cuthred ascended to the West Saxon throne. He held it for 26 years, and fought bravely against King Aethelwald. And Cuthbright was ordained archbishop, and Dunn ordained bishop of Rochester.

使用する際の注意点

The dative/instrumental usually retains the older u-stem form wintra, even in later Old English.

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
  • English: winter
  • Scots: winter
  • Yola: wonter

参考

参照

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “winter”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

語源

From 古期英語 winter, from Proto-West Germanic *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz.

発音

• IPA: /ˈwintər/

名詞

winter (plural wintres)

1. winter
   • p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 8 February 2018:

     ⁊ ð laſtede þa ·xix· ƿintre ƿile Stephne ƿaſ king ⁊ æure it ƿaſ uuerſe ⁊ uuerſe.

     And this lasted the 19 winters while Stephen was king, and ever it got worse and worse.

派生した語

• English: winter
• Scots: winter
• Yola: wonter

参照

• “winter, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

参考