jim crowとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (General American) IPA: /ˌdʒɪm ˈkɹoʊ/

固有名詞

Jim Crow

1. (obsolete, derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur) A Black man.
2. (historical) The collective policies and customs of an era of racial oppression in the U.S., especially legalized racial persecution and segregationist practices, prevalent from the late 1800s through the 1960s until challenged by the U.S. civil rights movement.
   • 1950 February, Leonard Lindsay, in John O'London's Weekly, “The Jim Crow Car”, in Railway Magazine, page 126:

     Texas stands for segregation—for Jim Crow cars, for eating in separate restaurants, for sitting in separate rail coaches, for doing all the things which make white and black people in the United States realise how different they are.

   • 2024 February 26, Courtney Kube, Marlene Lenthang, Corky Siemaszko, quoting Aaron Bushnell, “U.S. Air Force member who set himself on fire outside Israeli Embassy in D.C. has died”, in NBC News‎:

     Many of us like to ask ourselves, 'What would I do if I was alive during slavery? Or the Jim Crow South? Or apartheid? What would I do if my country was committing genocide?

3. A fictional character from various minstrel show performances who is stereotypically depicted as an unintelligent, violent, and promiscuous Black man.

派生語

• Jim Crow law
• Jim Crowism

参考

• sundown town

名詞

Jim Crow

1. (military, historical) A World War II code name for patrols along the British coastline to intercept enemy aircraft, originally intended to warn of invasion in 1940.
   • 2008, Simon Muggleton, The Battle of Britain Monument in London‎:

     … flying cannon equipped Spitfires V’s mainly on ‘Jim Crow’ operations (operational Patrols along the home coastline intercepting any hostile aircraft and looking out for any invasion forces).

2. (engineering) A double-action planing tool invented by Joseph Whitworth, in which the blade ‘jumps’ to face the other way on the back-stroke.
   • 1852, Charles Tomlinson (editor), Cyclopædia of Useful Arts, Mechanical and Chemical, Manufactures, Mining, and Engineering, volume 1, section xiv “Machinery Exhibited”, page cxliii:

     Two other machines exhibited by Whitworth… One was furnished with a reversing tool to plane both ways, and called, from its peculiar motion, a Jim Crow machine.

   • 1864, February 6, Once a Week, volume 10, article “Machine Tool-Makers”, page 188:

     He has considerably improved upon the planing machine, in his “Jim Crow” machine, so called because the cutter reverses itself and works both ways, and in fact adapts itself to any position to do its work.

   • 1872, August 2, The Building News and Engineering Journal, article “Railway Works at Longhedge”, volume 23, page 77:

     The “Jim Crow” machine, which is Whitworth's patent, was new to some of the visitors. … But with a “Jim Crow” a cut is obtained both ways.

3. (rail transport) A tool for bending railway rails, by holding the rail with two arms and pushing a screw into the other side.
   • 1886, The Railway Engineer, volume 7, page 207:

     When rails have to be bent with a Jim Crow, as in setting stock or check-rails, or straightening a bent rail, they should always be heated first, or they are liable to crack, especially steel rails.

   • 1899, W. A. Smith, Railway Review, volume 39, page 16:

     It is placed on the rail pretty much as a jim-crow is set, and as the middle roll is turned it travels along on the rail, curving the rail as it moves.

   • 2013, Terry Pratchett, Raising Steam, Doubleday, →ISBN, pages 345–346:

     Quelling his nerves, Moist grabbed a jim crow and opened the trap door on to the roof of the guard's van, to the initial amazement of the grag who had been trying to force his way in.

形容詞

Jim Crow (not comparable)

1. Discriminatory against African Americans.
2. Segregated between African Americans and Caucasians.

   A Jim Crow audience

動詞

Jim Crow (third-person singular simple present Jim Crows, present participle Jim Crowing, simple past and past participle Jim Crowed)

1. To work toward legislation that incorporates a discriminatory caste system or racial segregation. Also jimcrowing, jimcrowed.

1. • 1950, Editors, “"Important Briefs"”, in Interracial News Service, page 1:

     The American Bowling Congress’ 50-odd years of jimcrowing went by the boards during their convention in May which carried a motion to delete the "white males only" clause from their constitution.

   • 1960, Editors, “Atlanta Math Teachers Refuse to be Jimcrowed”, in Workers World, page 1:

     It is not only the students who are jimcrowed in the South. And it is not only the students who are protesting.