英和和英

語源

From Latin penētrātus, perfect passive participle of penētrō (“to put, set, or place within, enter, pierce, penetrate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from penes (“within, with”) by analogy to intrō (“to go in, enter”). Compare French pénétrer.

発音

• IPA: /ˈpɛnɪtɹeɪt/, /ˈpɛnətɹeɪt/
• ハイフネーション: pen‧e‧trate

動詞

penetrate (third-person singular simple present penetrates, present participle penetrating, simple past and past participle penetrated)

1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to pierce.

   Synonym: (obsolete) ransack

   Light penetrates darkness.

   • 1879, Th Du Moncel, The Telephone, the Microphone and the Phonograph, Harper, page 166:

     He takes the prepared charcoal used by artists, brings it to a white heat, and suddenly plunges it in a bath of mercury, of which the globules instantly penetrate the pores of charcoal, and may be said to metallize it.

   • 1958 July, J. P. Wilson, “Scottish Soliloquy”, in Railway Magazine, page 495:

     The native-born and the "naturalised" locomotives have been giving way to the standardised types, of which the L.M.S.R. class "5" 4-6-0 has led the way and has penetrated the furthest.

   • 1978 November, H. E. Read [et al.], “Preface”, in CAPRI: A Two-dimensional Eulerian Code for Analyzing the Impact of Highly Deformable Projectiles into Rock: Final Report for Period 15 November 1975 – 30 September 1976 (DNA 4751F), Washington, D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency, →OCLC, page 7:

     Considerable interest has developed within the defense community during recent years in weapons that are capable of penetrating some distance into the earth before detonating. […] To be generally effective, earth penetrating weapons (EPW) must be capable of penetrating various geologic targets, ranging from soil to rock, without producing critical damage to the payload.

   • 2013, Space Babies‎:

     and they, ... they .... fly though space, and they penetrate the atmosphere […] after an amazing nine-month journey

   • 2016 February 10, “Parallel Evolution of Polydactyly Traits in Chinese and European Chickens”, in PLOS ONE‎, →DOI:

     Our results also identified the causative mutation of polydactylous Silkie was not exist in other nonpolydactyly chickens, suggesting that SNP of polydactyly in Silkie has fully penetrated all other indigenous Chinese chicken breeds.

   • 2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page 102:

     Fire ants circumvented the problem of an ineffective sting by having an unusual and highly effective venom that when daubed or sprayed on other ants penetrates their waxy protective integumental barrier and kills or disables them.

2. (figuratively) To achieve understanding of, despite some obstacle; to comprehend; to understand.

   I could not penetrate Burke's opaque rhetoric.

   • 1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation. […], London: […] Samuel Smith, […], →OCLC:

     things which here were […] too subtile for us to penetrate

3. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to move deeply.

   to penetrate one's heart with pity

   • 1867, Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature:

     The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

     I am advised to give her music o' mornings; they say it will penetrate

4. To infiltrate an enemy to gather intelligence.
5. To insert the penis into an orifice, such as a vagina, mouth, or anus.

   a male elephant comes up and penetrates the female

   • 2005, Patricia Vettel-Becker, Shooting from the hip: photography, masculinity, and postwar America:

     His weapons have been destroyed; his body has been or can be penetrated. In other words, he is rapable.

6. (chess) To move a piece past the defending pieces of one's opponent.

使用する際の注意点

The sexual sense is a modern innovation rarely attested in older writing. In modern usage, the unaccompanied word penetrate and its derivatives often refer to sexual penetration, outside of certain set phrases such as market penetration.

派生語

関連する語

• double-penetrate

Further reading

• “penetrate”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “penetrate”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “penetrate”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.