英和和英

接尾辞

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

1. Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.

   Synonyms: -tiō, -tus, -ium

   ‎obsideō (“to remain; to besiege”, verb) + ‎-io → ‎obsidiō f (“siege, blockade”)

   ‎opīnor (“to suppose, deem, opine”, verb) + ‎-io → ‎opīniō f (“opinion, conjecture; reputation; report”)

使用する際の注意点

Relatively unproductive in historical Latin.

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

Further reading

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

語源 2

Extension of -ō (possibly by rebracketing).

接尾辞

-iō m (genitive -iōnis); third declension

1. forms animate nouns of various meanings, often colloquial or pejorative
   1. forms nouns designating a type of person
      1. attached to noun stems, forms nouns referring to a related profession

         Synonyms: -ārius, -ō

         ‎libellus (“booklet”) + ‎-iō → ‎libelliō m (“notary; bookdealer”)

         ‎lūdus (“performance, stage play”) + ‎-iō → ‎lūdiō m (“stage performer”)

         ‎mūlus (“mule”) + ‎-iō → ‎mūliō m (“mule-driver”)

      2. (rare) attached to verb stems, forms agent nouns

         Synonyms: -ō, -a¹, -tor

         ‎lēx (“law”) + ‎rumpō (“break”) + ‎-iō → ‎lēgirupiō m (“law-breaker”)

   2. also forms names, especially cognomina.

      Synonyms: -ō, -a¹

      ‎glaber (“smooth, hairless”) + ‎-iō → ‎Glabriō (“a Roman cognomen”)

      ‎ursus (“bear”) + ‎-iō → ‎Ursiō (“a Roman cognomen”)

   3. attached to noun stems, forms a diminutive or similar derived noun

      ‎caballus (“horse”) + ‎-iō → ‎caballiō m (“pony”)

      ‎porcellus (“little pig”) + ‎-iō → ‎porcelliō m (“woodlouse”)

2. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certain nouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.

使用する際の注意点

Personal appellations ending in -iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case of homunciō.

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

語源 3

From -i-ō. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

接尾辞

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

1. Used to form factitive verbs from adjectives.

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

派生語

語源 4

Disputed. Perhaps from Proto-Italic *-jō, from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (first person singular: *-yóh₂). Linguists such as Michael Weiss prefer to connect this class with the PIE thematic ye-suffix, explaining the split between third conjugation iō-verbs and the fourth conjugation as the result of a series of phonological developments. De Vaan and Schrijver, however, connect the suffix with the athematic ablauting i-present type *-éyti.

別の表記

• -ō

接尾辞

-iō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -tum); third (-iō variant) conjugation

1. (unproductive) ending of some third conjugation verbs

使用する際の注意点

• Not a productive or meaningful suffix in historical Latin: rather, a frozen relic of the Proto-Indo-European suffix. Seen in small number of third-conjugation base verbs, as well as their prefixed derivatives. These verbs differ from other third-conjugation verbs by using the vowel -i- before the usual endings of the present, future, imperfect active and passive (see -ō): compare faciō, faciam, faciēbam, etc. (with -i-) to dīcō, dīcam, dīcēbam, etc. (without -i-). In contrast, this -i- does not regularly appear in the perfect stem and supine stem: instead, as usual for Latin third-conjugation verbs, these stems have semi-unpredictable formation patterns that depend on the specific verb (and can be found in the third and fourth principal part, provided these exist). E.g. capiō has the perfect stem cēp-, found in cēpī, whereas rapiō has the perfect stem rapu-, found in rapuī.)

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

語源 5

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation -iō, -ere still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such as serviō from *serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-. Alternative explanations include an Italic version of Sievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in -ītus, such as igniō, whose finite forms are attested later than ignītus (“fiery, glowing”).

接尾辞

-iō (present infinitive -īre, perfect active -īvī or -iī, supine -ītum); fourth conjugation

1. Used to form fourth conjugation verbs.

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

派生語

派生した語

(from infinitive -īre:)

参照

語源

Borrowed from Latin Io, from Ancient Greek Ἰώ (Iṓ).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈaɪəʊ/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈaɪoʊ/
• 韻: -aɪəʊ

固有名詞

Io

1. (Greek mythology) The daughter of Inachus river god, and a lover of Zeus, turned by the latter into a heifer.
2. (astronomy) A moon of Jupiter, known for its volcanic activity, peppered with about 400 active volcanoes.
   • 2004 November 9, Bungie, Halo 2, spoken by Cortana (Jen Taylor), Microsoft Game Studios, Xbox, level/area: Cairo Station:

     Another whisper, sir, near Io. We have probes en route.

3. (astronomy) 85 Io, a main belt asteroid; the asteroid shares its name with the Jovian moon

派生語

• Io moth
• Ionian
• Ioan

参考

アナグラム

• -oi, OI, Oi, oi, oi!

語源

From Ancient Greek Ἰώ (Iṓ).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈiː.oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈiː.o]

固有名詞

Īō f sg (genitive Īūs); fourth declension
Īō f sg (genitive Īōnis); third declension

1. (Greek mythology) Io, daughter of Inachus.
   • (Can we date this quote?) Propertius. In: Propertius with an English translation by H. E. Butler, 1916, pp. 144f., 154f., 162f:

     Io versa caput primos mugiverat annos:

     So Io wore a strange guise and lowed all her earlier years;

     illic aspicis scopulis haerere Sorores
     et canere antiqui dulcia furta Iovis,
     ut Semela est combustus, ut est deperditus Io,
     [...]

     There shalt thou see the Sisters clinging to the crags, while they chant the sweet loves of Jove in olden time, how he was consumed with fire for Semele, how madly he loved Io, [...]

     tu certe Iovis occultis in amoribus, Io,
     sensisti multas quid sit inire vias,
     [...]

     Yet, Io, in truth thou didst learn in thy secret loves with Jove what it is to tread many paths of wandering, [...]

   • (Can we date this quote?) Publius Ovidius Naso, Ars amandi / Ars amatoria, liber I. In: Publius Ovidius Naso: Liebeskunst. Lateinisch-deutsch, 1980, p. 28 – translation from The Love Books of Ovid, p. 121:

     Et modo se Europen fieri, modo postulat Io,
     Altera quod bos est, altera vecta bove.

     Now she would be Europa; now she would be Io; the one because she was a heifer, the other because a bull bore her on his back.

   • (Can we date this quote?) Publius Ovidius Naso, Amores, liber II. In: Ovid Heroides and Amores with an English translation by Grant Showerman, 1914, p. 386f.

     dum nimium servat custos Iunonius Ion,
     ante suos annos occidit; ilia dea est!

     Juno's watchman, guarding Io too intently, falls before his time; she–becomes a goddess!

   • (Can we date this quote?) Plautus, Aulularia, actus III. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I, 1916, p. 290f.:

     quos si Argus servet qui oculeus totus fuit,
     quem quondam Ioni Iuno custodem addidit,
     is numquam servet.

     Why, Argus, who had eyes all over him and was set to guarding Io once by Juno, couldn't ever keep watch on those fellows, not if he tried.

語形変化

Fourth-declension noun (all cases except the genitive singular in -ō), singular only.

Third-declension noun, singular only.

参考

• Io (mythology) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

参照

• “Io”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “Io”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.