英和和英

発音

• enPR: tĭl, IPA: /tɪl/
• 韻: -ɪl

語源 1

From 中期英語 til, from Northern 古期英語 til, from or akin to Old Norse til (“to, till”); both from Proto-Germanic *til (“to, toward”), from Proto-Germanic *tilą (“planned point in time”). Not a contraction of until; rather, until comes from till with the prefix un- (“against; toward; up to”) also found in unto. Cognate with Old Frisian til (“to, till”), Danish til (“to”), Swedish till (“to, till”), Icelandic til (“to, till”). Also related to 古期英語 til (“good”), German Ziel (“goal”), Gothic 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til, “something fitting or suitable”).

別の表記

• 'til, til (nonstandard)

前置詞

till

1. Until; to, up to; as late as (a given time).

   She stayed till the very end.

   I have to work till eight o'clock tonight.

   • 1854, Prof. John Wilson, The Genius and Character of Burns, page 194:

     Similar sentiments will recur to everyone familiar with his writings all through them till the very end.

   • 1946 May and June, G. A. Sekon, “L.B.S.C.R. West Coast Section—3”, in Railway Magazine, page 148:

     The line was authorised on June 23, 1864, but not opened till July 11, 1881.

   • 2019 March 14, Ramzy Baroud, “Chasing mirages: What are Palestinians doing to combat ‘Deal of the Century’?”, in Ma'an News‎, archived from the original on 30 March 2019:

     While the PA has not always seen eye-to-eye with US foreign policy, its survival remained, till recently, a top American priority.

   • 2024 December 4, “This place in NZ has such a long name that most people can't pronounce it”, in Times of India‎, archived from the original on 4 December 2024:

     If you thought Wytrzyszczka was a mouthful, wait till you try saying Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu.

2. Before (a certain time or event).

   It's twenty till two. (1:40)

   • 1880, A. T. Fullerton, “Fever”, in Littell's Living Age, volume 147, page 578:

     Is that the town-clock striking? / I think that it is to-night / My fever will reach its crisis, / There are long hours yet till light.

3. (obsolete or dialectal) To, up to (physically).

   They led him till his tent

   • 1599, William Shakespeare (attributed), The Passionate Pilgrim:

     She, poor bird, as all forlorn / Lean'd her breast up-till a thorn / And there sung the dolefull'st ditty, / To to hear it was great pity.

   • 1806, “Lord Wa'Yates and Auld Ingram”, in Robert Jameson, editor, Popular Ballads and Songs, volume 2:

     And till the kirk she wadna gae, / nor till't she wadna ride, / Till four-and-twenty men she gat her before, / And twenty on ilka side

   • 1838, “The Outlaw Murray”, in Walter Scott, editor, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border:

     For a king to gang an outlaw till / Is beneath his state and his dignitie.

4. (obsolete or dialectal) To, toward (in attitude).
   • 1861, E. J. Guerin, Mountain Charley, page 20:

     "Here's at you old hoss!" hiccupped I, with a friendly pitch in the way of a nod at Rice.
     "Go it, young grampus, that's me! Here's till ye, my infant progidy!" replied he, as he clinked his glass against mine.

   • 1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

     And then she changed her voice and would be as saft as honey: 'My puir wee Ailie, was I thrawn till ye? Never mind, my bonnie. You and me are a' that's left, and we maunna be ill to ither.'

5. (dialectal) So that (something may happen).
   • 1953?, Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot

     VLADIMIR: Together again at last! We'll have to celebrate this. But how? (He reflects.) Get up till I embrace you.

使用する際の注意点

• The preposition till is ubiquitous in informal register of modern English; nonetheless, in formal register it is often replaced with until or to, except in some varieties, such as Indian English. This predisposition is likely influenced by the widespread misapprehension that till is a clipping of until, which it is not (until being an enhanced form of till). The spelling 'til, itself also deprecated by some writers, was born of that same misapprehension.

派生語

接続詞

till

1. Until, until the time that.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:until

   Maybe you can, maybe you can't: you won't know till you try.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Song of Solomon 2:7:

     I charge you, O ye daughters of Ierusalem, by the Roes, and by the hindes of the field, that ye stirre not vp, nor awake my loue, till she please.

   • 1846, Edward Lear, The Book of Nonsense:

     She twirled round and round, / Till she sunk underground, […]

   • 1912, anonymous, Punky Dunk and the Mouse, P.F. Volland & Co.:

     And the Mouse sat and laughed till he cried.

語源 2

From 中期英語 tylle (“till”), possibly from 中期英語 tillen (“to draw”) from 古期英語 *tyllan (“to draw, attract”) (as in betyllan (“to lure, decoy”) and fortyllan (“to draw away”); related to *tollian > 中期英語 tollen). Cognate with Albanian ndjell (“to lure, attract”).

Alternatively, 中期英語 tylle is from Anglo-Norman tylle (“compartment”), from Old French tille (“compartment, shelter on a ship”), from Old Norse þilja (“plank”).

名詞

till (plural tills)

1. (chiefly British) A cash register.
   • 2005, Michael Winner, Winner Takes All‎, →ISBN, page 11:

     I got most of the money to pay for all this by stealing. It was very wrong. Today I'm so finickity that I fired one of my staff for nicking twenty-pence worth of curtain hangers from Barkers because he couldn't be bothered to wait at the till queue.

2. A removable box within a cash register containing the money.

   Pull all the tills and lock them in the safe.

   When you've finished serving that customer could you jump off please? We need to take the till.

   • 2023 July 26, Pip Dunn, “Merseyrail '777s' are OK for commuters”, in RAIL, number 988, page 59:

     That said, and I'll put this down to its newness, the bin lid was a bit snappy, like Arkwright's till (google that if you're a youngster).

3. The contents of a cash register, for example at the beginning or end of the day or of a cashier's shift.

   My count of my till was 30 dollars short.

4. A cash drawer in a bank, used by a teller.
5. (obsolete) A tray or drawer in a chest.

派生語

語源 3

From 中期英語 tilyen, from 古期英語 tilian.

動詞

till (third-person singular simple present tills, present participle tilling, simple past and past participle tilled)

1. (transitive) To develop so as to improve or prepare for usage; to cultivate (said of knowledge, virtue, mind etc.).
2. (transitive) To work or cultivate or plough (soil); to prepare for growing vegetation and crops.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 3:23:

     Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.

3. (intransitive) To cultivate soil.
4. (obsolete) To prepare; to get.
   • 1614, William Browne, The Shepherd's Pipe:

     Nor knowes a trappe nor snare to till

派生語

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:till.

語源 4

Unknown, but possibly via etymology 3 (the verb) because alluvial deposit is used as a fertilizer.

名詞

till

1. glacial drift consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, pebbles and boulders
2. (dialect) manure or other material used to fertilize land

派生語

• glacial till

語源 5

From 中期英語 tylle; shortened from lentile (English lentil).

名詞

till (plural tills)

1. A vetch; a tare.

参照

General

• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “till”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “till”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• Until, Till, 'Til, or 'Till? in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 11 June 2019.

Footnotes

アナグラム

• it'll, lilt, lit'l