presumptionとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• IPA^(key): /pɹɪˈzʌmpʃən/
• 韻: -ʌmpʃən

名詞

presumption (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 presumptions)

1. the act of presuming, or something presumed
   • 1832, Thomas De Quincey, "James's History of Charlemagne", Blackwood:

     Yet, in contradiction to all these very plausible presumptions, even this remote period teems with its own peculiar and separate instruction.

2. the belief of something based upon reasonable evidence, or upon something known to be true

   The presumption is that an event has taken place.

   • 1712, Jonathan Swift, The Conduct of the Allies, p. 33:

     I have here imputed the Continuance of the War to the mutual Indulgence between our General and Allies, wherein they both so well found their Accounts; to the Fears of the Mony-changers, left their Tables should be overthrown; to the Designs of the Whigs, who apprehended the Loss of their Credit and Employments in a Peace; and to those at home, who held their immoderate Engrossments of Power and Favour, by no other Tenure than their own Presumption upon the Necessity of Affairs.

3. the condition upon which something is presumed
4. (dated) arrogant behaviour; the act of venturing beyond due bounds of reverence or respect
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], part 1, 2nd edition, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, OCLC 932920499; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

     Note the preſumption of this Scythian ſlaue:
     I tel thee villaine, thoſe that lead my horſe
     Haue to their names tytles of dignitie,
     And dar’ſt thou bluntly cal me Baiazeth?

   • 1591, William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part 3, Act V, Scene 6:

     Thy son I killed for his presumption.

   • 1893, John Dryden, The satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis translated into English verse, Dedication, p ii:

     I had the presumption to Dedicate to your Lordship: A very unfinish'd Piece …

   • 1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume I, chapter 16:

     “If I had not persuaded Harriet into liking the man, I could have borne any thing. He might have doubled his presumption to me—but poor Harriet!”

5. (law) An inference that a trier of fact is either permitted or required to draw under certain factual circumstances (as prescribed by statute または case law) unless the party against whom the inference is drawn is able to rebut it with admissible, competent evidence.
   • Bandini Petroleum Co. v. Superior Court, 284 U.S. 8, 18–19 (1931)

     The state, in the exercise of its general power to prescribe rules of evidence, may provide that proof of a particular fact, or of several facts taken collectively, shall be prima facie evidence of another fact when there is some rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed. The legislative presumption is invalid when it is entirely arbitrary, or creates an invidious discrimination, or operates to deprive a party of a reasonable opportunity to present the pertinent facts in his defense.

同意語

• overhope

派生語

• presumption of innocence