subとは意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Shortened form of any of various words beginning with sub-.

名詞

sub (複数形 subs)

1. A submarine.
   • 1989, James Cameron, The Abyss, spoken by Alan "Hippy" Carnes (Todd Graff):

     You know, we got Russian subs creepin' around; anythin' goes wrong they can say whatever they want happened! Give their folks medals!

2. A submarine sandwich: a sandwich made on a long bun.

   We can get subs at that deli.

3. (informal) A substitute, often in sports or teaching.

   With the score 4 to 1, they brought in subs.

   She worked as a sub until she got her teaching certificate.

   • 1930, Boy's Live, Philip Scruggs, There Can Be Victory, page 20

     At any other school you would be playing varsity, and Wallace has you pigeon-holed on the subs." "Maybe he has his reasons," Jim replied. "And he hasn't pigeon-holed me on the subs yet — not this season.

4. (Britain, informal, often in 複数形) A subscription: a payment made for membership of a club, etc.
   • 1951, H. L. Gold, “Annual Report” in Galaxy Science Fiction, volume 2, number 6, page 2:

     According to the best available information, GALAXY has several times as many subs as any other science fiction magazine!

5. (Internet, informal) A subtitle.

   I've just noticed a mistake in the subs for this film.

6. (computing, programming) A subroutine (sometimes one that does not return a value, as distinguished from a function, which does).
   • 2002, Nathan Patwardhan, Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour, Perl in a nutshell

     The default accessor can be overridden by declaring a sub of the same name in the package.

   • 2004, P. K. McBride, Introductory Visual Basic.NET (page 49)

     So far, all the subs and functions that we have used have been those built into the system, or those written to handle events from controls […]

7. (colloquial) A subeditor.
8. (colloquial) A subcontractor.
9. (slang) A subwoofer.
10. (BDSM, informal) A submissive.
    • 2004, Paul Baker, Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang:

      […] roleplay where a sub or bottom takes care of a top's bodily and hygiene needs […]

    • 2007, Laurell K Hamilton, The Harlequin:

      "It means that I'm both a sub and a dom." "Submissive and dominant," I said. He nodded.

    • 2008, Lannie Rose, How to Change Your Sex:

      Typically a dom and a sub have a more or less standard routine that they like to go through all the time.

11. (colloquial, dated) A subordinate.
12. (colloquial, dated) A subaltern.
    • 1911, J. Milton Hayes, The Green Eye of the Yellow God

      He was known as 'Mad Carew' by the subs at Khatmandu,
      He was hotter than they felt inclined to tell;
      But for all his foolish pranks, he was worshipped in the ranks,
      And the Colonel's daughter smiled on him as well.

13. (colloquial, Internet) A subscription (or (by extension) a subscriber) to an online channel or feed.

    I'm totally stoked; just got 10 new subs after my last video.

14. (colloquial) Subsistence money: part of a worker's wages paid before the work is finished.
15. (Internet slang) Short for subreddit.

同意語

• (submarine sandwich): submarine, submarine sandwich; grinder, hero, hero sandwich, hoagie, po' boy, spuckie, torpedo, wedge

上位語

• (submarine sandwich): sandwich

派生語

• fansub

動詞

sub (三人称単数 現在形 subs, 現在分詞 subbing, 過去形および過去分詞形 subbed)

1. (US, informal) To substitute for.
2. (US, informal) To work as a substitute teacher, especially in primary and secondary education.
3. (Britain, informal, soccer) To replace (a player) with a substitute.

   He never really made a contribution to the match, so it was no surprise when he was subbed at half time.

4. (Britain, informal, soccer) Less commonly, and often as sub on, to bring on (a player) as a substitute.

   He was subbed on half way through the second half, and scored within minutes.

5. (Britain) To perform the work of a subeditor or copy editor; to subedit.
6. (slang, Internet, transitive) To subtitle (usually a film または television program).
7. (UK, slang, transitive) To lend.
   • 2011, Rowland Rivron, What the F*** Did I Do Last Night?:

     I kept up the pleasantries as we were drying our hands and, realizing I didn't have any change for the lodger, I asked him, one drummer to another like, if he could sub me a quid for the dish.

8. (slang, intransitive) To subscribe.
9. (BDSM) To take a submissive role.
   • 2012, Alicia White, Jessica's Breakdown (page 53)

     You've never subbed before. Jessica will be expecting a man on stage that follows orders and enjoys what she's going to be doing. Do you want to be spanked? Possibly whipped?

   • 2012, Tiffany Reisz, Little Red Riding Crop:

     Wasn't like she'd never subbed before. She'd been a sub longer than she'd been a Dominatrix–ten years she'd spent in a collar.

派生語

• fansub

参考

• switch (one who is willing to take either a sadistic または a masochistic role)

語源 2

From Latin sub.

前置詞

sub

1. Under.

動詞

sub (三人称単数 現在形 subs, 現在分詞 subbing, 過去形および過去分詞形 subbed)

1. To coat with a layer of adhering material; to planarize by means of such a coating.
2. (microscopy) To prepare (a slide) with a layer of transparent substance to support and/or fix the sample.
   • 1997, Marina A. Lynch, S. M. O'Mara (editors), Ali D. Hames, D. Rickwood (series editors), Neuroscience Labfax, page 166,

     Ensure that gloves are worn when handling subbed slides. Although the following protocol describes subbing with gelatin, slides may also be coated with either 3-(triethoxysilyl-)propylamine (TESPA) or poly-L-lysine for in situ hybridization.

アナグラム

• Bus., SBU, UBS, USB, bus, bus.

Latin

語源

From Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upó.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /sub/, [s̠ʊb]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /sub/, [sub]

前置詞

sub (+ accusative, ablative)

1. (with ablative) under, beneath
2. (with ablative) behind
3. (with ablative) at the feet of
4. (with ablative) within, during
5. (with ablative) about, around (time); just before, just after, shortly before, shortly after
6. (with accusative) under, up to, up under, close to (of a motion)
7. (with accusative) until, before, up to, about

派生語

• sub rosā
• subter
• subtus
• supīnus

派生した語

• Old Portuguese: sob
  • Galician: so
  • Portuguese: sob
• Old Spanish: so
  • Spanish: so (in certain fossilized expressions)
• → English: sub

参照

• “sub”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sub”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• sub in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• sub in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • at the foot of the mountain: sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte
    
  • in the open air: sub divo
    
  • to come within the sphere of the senses: sub sensum or sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere
    
  • to come within the sphere of the senses: sensibus or sub sensus subiectum esse
    
  • to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice: sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse
    
  • to be comprised under the term 'fear.: sub metum subiectum esse
    
  • to represent a thing vividly: oculis or sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid
    
  • graphic depiction: rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3. 53. 202)
    
  • to give a general idea of a thing: sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid
    
  • to sell a prisoner of war as a slave: aliquem sub corona vendere (B. G. 3. 16)
    
  • the case is still undecided: adhuc sub iudice lis est (Hor. A. P. 77)
    
  • to occupy the foot of a hill: considere sub monte (sub montis radicibus)
    
  • the free men are sold as slaves: libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
    
  • to be subject to some one, under some one's dominion: sub imperio et dicione alicuius esse
    

発音

IPA^(key): /səb/

接頭辞

sub-

1. under, beneath

   subterranean

   submarine

2. subsidiary, secondary

   subplot

3. almost, nearly

   subconical

   subequatorial

使用する際の注意点

In Latin, the following sound changes affected "sub-" and cause English borrowings from Latin which contain this prefix to have different forms. Words formed in English using the prefix "sub-" do not exhibit these sound changes. (Combination with 's' involved elision かつ the other changes involved assimilation.)

• sub + c = suc- (hence succession, from Latin successiō; but e.g. subculture formed in English from sub- + culture)
• sub + p = sup- (support, but subpage)
• sub + c, p or t = sus- (susceptible, suspend, sustain, but subtitle)
• sub + g = sug- (suggestion, but subgroup)
• sub + r = sur- (surrogate, but subroutine)
• sub + f = suf- (suffer, but subfield)
• sub + s(p) = su- (suspect, suspire but subset, subspecies)

^[1]

同意語

• (under): under-, hypo-, infra-
• (almost): pene-, quasi-

反意語

• super-

派生語

参照

Further reading

• sub- at OneLook Dictionary Search
• “sub-”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, →ISBN.

アナグラム

• Bus., SBU, UBS, USB, bus, bus.

Latin

語源

From sub (“under, beneath, below”).

別の表記

• suc- (before c)
• suf- (before f)
• sug- (before g)
• sum- (before m)
• sup- (before p)
• sur- (before r)
• su- (before sp)
• sus- (sometimes before c または t)

接頭辞

sub-

1. under, sub-
   1. Attached to verbs, may denote the position or direction of an action

      ‎sub- (“under, below”) + ‎scrībō (“write”) → ‎subscrībō (“to write underneath, to write below”)

   2. In compounds, may stand for sub in a prepositional phrase

      ‎sub- (“under”) + ‎terra (“earth”) + ‎-āneus (adjective-forming suffix) → ‎subterrāneus (“subterranean, underground”)

      ‎sub- (“under”) + ‎lūna (“moon”) + ‎-āris (adjective-forming suffix) → ‎sublūnāris (“sublunar, sublunary”)

   3. Attached to adjectives, creates new adjectives of lesser intensity, having a sense like "somewhat", "slightly", "rather", "-ish"

      ‎sub- (“somewhat”) + ‎amārus (“bitter”) → ‎subamārus (“somewhat bitter, bitterish”)

派生語