staleとは意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English stale, of uncertain etymology, but probably originally from Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”): compare West Flemish stel in the same sense for ‘beer’ and ‘urine’.^[1]

形容詞

stale (comparative staler, superlative stalest)

1. (alcoholic beverages, obsolete) Clear, free of dregs and lees; old and strong.
   • 1637, John Taylor, The Famovs Historie of the most part of Drinks, in use now in the Kingdomes of Great Brittaine and Ireland:

     The stronger Beere is divided into two parts ( viz.) mild and stale; the first may ease a man of a drought, but the later is like water cast into a Smiths forge, and breeds more heartburning, and as rust eates into Iron, so overstale Beere gnawes auletholes in the entrales, or else my skill failes, and what I have written of it is to be held as a jest.

   • 1826, A Practical Man, The Vintner's, Brewer's, Spirit Merchant's, and Licensed Victualler's Guide, page 243:

     Particular care must be taken that the stale beer in which the isinglass is dissolved be perfectly clear and stale.

   • 1829, David Booth, The Art of Brewing, page 52:

     Is not that hard or stale beer mixed to give the porter the appearance of age at once, which formerly was allowed to be matured by time?

2. No longer fresh, in reference to food, urine, straw, wounds, etc.
   • 1530, John Palsgrave, L'éclaircissement de la langue française, 325 2:

     Stale as breed or drinke is, rassis. Stale as meate is that begynneth to savoure, viel.

   • c. 1550, Wyll of Deuill, C 2 b:

     New freshe blood to ouersprinkle their stale mete that it may seme...newly kylled.

   • 2012, Stephen Woodworth, In Golden Blood: Number 3 in series

     To her surprise, Abe did not come to collect her for the usual morning inhabitation session with Azure. She did not see him until almost noon, when he personally delivered lunch to her tent. Another stale roll and cup of water sat on the tray he carried. Abe hung his head, as abashed as Honorato had been. “This is all I could sneak in for now. I'll try to get more later.”

3. No longer fresh, new, or interesting, in reference to ideas and immaterial things; cliche, hackneyed, dated.
   • 1562, in J. Heywood, Proverbs & Epigrams (1867), 95:

     Better is...be it new or stale, A harmelesse lie, than a harmefull true tale.

   • 1579, in G. Harvey, letter book, 60:

     Doist thou smyle to reade this stale and beggarlye stuffe.

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii], line 133:

     How wary, stale, flat, and vnprofitable Seeme to me all the vses of this world?

   • 1822 March, Charles Lamb, London Magazine, 284 1:

     A two-days-old newspaper. You resent the stale thing as an affront.

   • 2002, Mark Lawson, And They Rose Up: Days of Retribution

     Rick would comment on the fact that he'd never had such bad coffee, not even the mud at his precinct. Mark would tell him to quit with the stale joke, already

4. (obsolete) No longer nubile or suitable for marriage, in reference to people; past one's prime.
   • c. 1580, J. Jeffere, Bugbears, I ii 108:

     Rosimunda...hathe an vncle a stale batcheler.

   • 1742, T. Short, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 42 226:

     In barren Women, and stale Maids, Tapping should be very cautiously undertaken.

5. (in general) Not new or recent; having been in place or in effect for some time.
   • 2014, David L. Hough, Street Strategies for Motorcyclists

     In most states, you can be ticketed for failing to clear the intersection, even if you are hemmed in by traffic. One good clue to a stale green light is the pedestrian signal.

6. (agriculture, obsolete) Fallow, in reference to land.
   • 1764, Museum Rusticum, II 306:

     Lime would do very little or no good on stale ploughed lands.

7. (law) Unreasonably long in coming, in reference to claims and actions.

   a stale affidavit

   a stale demand

   • 1769, William Blackstone, Common Laws of England, IV xv 211:

     The jury will rarely give credit to a stale complaint.

8. Worn out, particularly due to age or over-exertion, in reference to athletes and animals in competition.
   • 1856, "Stonehenge", Manual of British Rural Sports, II i vi §7 335:

     By this means the [horse's] legs are not made more stale than necessary.

   • 1885 May 28, Truth, 853 2:

     Dame Agnes will probably be stale after her exertions in the Derby.

9. (finance) Out of date, unpaid for an unreasonable amount of time, particularly in reference to checks.
   • 1901, Business Terms & Phrases second edition, 199:

     Stale cheque,...a cheque which has remained unpaid for some considerable time.

10. (computing) Of data: out of date; not synchronized with the newest copy.

    The bug was found to be caused by stale data in the cache.

使用する際の注意点

In the sense regarding food, usually (but not always) pejorative and synonymous with gone bad and turned. In reference to mead, wine, and bread, it can describe an acceptable or desired state (see crouton). In modern English, however, "stale beer" has been light struck, flat, or oxidized and is to be avoided.

同意語

• see also Thesaurus:hackneyed

反意語

• fresh

派生語

関連する語

• go stale
• stale drunk

名詞

stale (複数形 stales)

1. (colloquial) Something stale; a loaf of bread or the like that is no longer fresh.
   • 1874, Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, II iii 39:

     I went to Riggs's batty-cake shop, and asked 'em for a penneth of the cheapest and nicest stales, that were all but blue-mouldy, but not quite.

   • 1937, George Orwell, Road to Wigan Pier, I i 15:

     Frayed-looking sweet-cakes...bought as ‘stales’ from the baker.

動詞

stale (三人称単数 現在形 stales, 現在分詞 staling, 過去形および過去分詞形 staled)

1. (of alcohol, obsolete, transitive) To make stale; to age in order to clear and strengthen (a drink, especially beer).
   • c. 1440, Promp. Parv., 472 1:

     Stalyn, or make stale drynke, defeco.

   • 1826, Art of Brewing, second edition, 106:

     A stock of old porter should be kept, sufficient for staling the consumption of twelve months.

2. (transitive) To make stale; to cause to go out of fashion or currency; to diminish the novelty or interest of, particularly by excessive exposure or consumption.
   • 1601, Ben Jonson, Fountaine of Self-love, 36:

     Ile goe tell all the Argument of his Play aforehand, and so stale his Inuention to the Auditory before it come foorth.

   • 1598, Benjamin Jonson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Euery Man in His Humour. A Comœdie. […]”, in The Workes of Ben Jonson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, OCLC 960101342, Act I, scene iv:

     Not content To stale himselfe in all societies, He makes my house as common as a Mart.

   • c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene ii], line 241:

     Age cannot wither her, nor custome stale Her infinite variety.

   • 1863, W. W. Story, Roba di Roma, I i 7:

     Pictures and statues have been staled by copy and description.

3. (intransitive) To become stale; to grow odious from excessive exposure or consumption.
   • 1717, E. Erskine, Serm. in Wks., 50 1:

     They have got so much of Christ as to be staled of his company.

   • 1893, "Q", Delectable Duchy, 325:

     Philanthropy was beginning to stale.

   • 1990, Stephen King, The Moving Finger

     Vi's penchant for puns had struck him as cute when he first met her, but it had staled somewhat over the years.

4. (alcoholic beverages, intransitive) To become stale; to grow unpleasant from age.
   • 1742, W. Ellis, London & Country Brewer, 4th ed., I 64:

     The Drink from that Time flattens and stales.

派生語

• antistaling

語源 2

From Middle English stale, from 古期英語 stalu, from Proto-Germanic *stal-; compare English stell from this root. The development was paralleled by the ablaut which became English steal, from Middle English stele, from 古期英語 stela, from Proto-Germanic *stel-. Both are from the same Proto-Indo-European root *stel-, *stol- (“to place, establish”),^[2] whence also Ancient Greek στελεός (steleós, “handle”). See also English stele.

名詞

stale (複数形 stales)

1. A long, thin handle (of rakes, axes, etc.)
   • 1742, W. Ellis, London & Country Brewer 4th ed., I 61:

     In Case your Cask is a Butt,...have ready boiling...Water, which put in, and, with a long Stale and a little Birch fastened to its End, scrub the Bottom.

   • 1890 February 4, Manchester Guardian, 12 3:

     You came to me with the axe head in one hand and the stale in the other.

2. (dialectal) One of the posts or uprights of a ladder.
   • 1887, W. D. Parish & al., Kentish Dial.

     Stales, the staves, or risings of a ladder, or the staves of a rack in a stable.

   • 1891, T. E. Smith, The Nova Scotia Fruit Grower, page 72:

     Fruit ladders should be provided beforehand. They differ from the ordinary ladder by having the bottom rungs a little longer and the top of the side stales meeting together so is to rest in the fork of a limb.

   • 1971, Research Paper - Issues 141-155, page 7:

     The zigzag determines the order of the currents from [1] which occur on the stales of the ladder and their relation with the currents from [0] which occur on the rungs and ringles between them.

3. One of the rungs on a ladder.
   • 1792, Thomas Paine, A Rod in Brine, or a tickler for T. Paine, page 16:

     To begin then: not long before this paragraph was written, P fell into doze, and dreamt, he saw Jacob's ladder with one foot standing on the earth, the other reaching up into heaven. Dukes, Marquisses, and other Peers, fancy represented to him, as standing on the upper stales; on the middle ones, Knights and Baronets, and under them, a train of Esquires and Gentlemen, reaching to the bottom.

   • 1834, Joseph Adshead, A Circumstantial Narrative of the Wreck of the Rothsay, page 236:

     Mr. Marsden managed, by dint of swimming, to come in contact with the form, to which hemself and friend had previously fixed the cord and thrown overboard; but this, from its shape, would have proved, in all probability, but a doubtful means of escape, had he not, after a time, fallen in with a small ladder, which he affixed with the cord to the form, placing his leg between the stales, and resting his body, sometimes at full length, when the breakers had fallen on the form.

   • 1914, Archaeologia Cantiana - Volume 30, page 173:

     The rental of the lands remained at these figures for many years, and the following extracts are examples of the payments made:— A.D. 1686, Utt, p^d Thomas Rassel for a load of lime delivered to Smalhith Chappell 01₤ 11s. 0d. Itt . for a quire of paper 00₤ 00s. 06d. Itt . for a ladder for the use of the Chappel 33 stales long , at 2^d y^e stale 00₤ 05s. 6d.

   • 1998, Barney Edward Daley, Tobacco Parish: A Collection of South Windsor's Memories:

     Ash was used for stales (ladder rungs).

   • 2014, Matthew Engel, Engel's England: Thirty-nine counties, one capital and one man:

     As a young man Mike Austen, a retired farmer now working as a guide at Brogdale, used to climb up a ladder with sixty 'stales', or rungs – eight inches between each of them – to pick the cherries in his father's orchard with a basket tied to either his waist or the ladder.

4. (botany, obsolete) The stem of a plant.
5. The shaft of an arrow, spear, etc.
   • 1553, J. Brende translating Q. Curtius Rufus, Hist., IX

     The Surgians cut of the stale of that shaft in suche wise, that they moued not the heade that was wythin the fleshe.

   • c. 1611, G. Chapman translating Homer, Iliad, IV 173:

     ...seeing th'arrowes stale without.

別の表記

• stele (botanical, preferred)
• steal, stele (dialectal)
• steel, stail (古風な用法)

同意語

• handle (grip of tools, generally)
• haft (grip of tools, generally, かつ especially of axes)
• helve (grip of tools, generally)
• shaft (body of arrows, spears, etc.)
• snath, the shaft of a scythe
• stem (plants)

動詞

stale (三人称単数 現在形 stales, 現在分詞 staling, 過去形および過去分詞形 staled)

1. (transitive, obsolete) To make a ladder by joining rungs ("stales") between the posts.
   • 1492 in Archæol. Cant., XVI 304:

     For stalyng of the ladders of the Churche xx d.

語源 3

From Middle English stale, from Old French estal (“place, something placed”) (compare French étal), from Frankish stal,^[3] from Proto-Germanic *stallaz, earlier *staþlaz. Related to stall and stand.

名詞

stale (複数形 stales)

1. (military, obsolete) A fixed position, particularly a soldier's in a battle-line.
   • 1550, Edward Halle, The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and Yorke:

     Wherefore they had a great avauntage, but in coclusion thie french menne were slayne, and their horses taken, and so the lyght horsement came wyth their catail, nere to the embushment, and the frenchimen folowed, that seyng the englyshmen that kept the stale, came in al hast & rescued their light horsemen, and draue the frenchemen backe, & then made returne to their beastes

   • 1808, Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, page 580:

     All these in great hast came to Newnam bridge, where they found other Englishmen that had woone the bridge of the Frenchmen, and so all togither set foward to assaile the Frenchmen that kept the stale, and tarie till the residue of their companie which were gone a forraging vnto Calis walles were come: for the other that had spoiled the marishes were returned with a great bootie.

   • 1818, William Stopford Kenny, Practical Chess Exercises, page 205:

     You cannot take the queen without giving a stale, therefore you lose the game.

2. (chess, uncommon) A stalemate; a stalemated game.
   • 1625, Francis Bacon, Essays, 65

     They stand at a stay; Like a Stale at Chesse, where it is no Mate, but yet the Game cannot stirre.

3. (military, obsolete) An ambush.
   • 1513, G. Douglas translating Virgil, Æneid, XI x 96:

     It is a stelling place and sovir harbry, Quhar ost in staill or embuschment may ly.

   • 1577, R. Holinshed, Chron., II 1479 2:

     The erle of Essex...with .ii. C. speares was layde in a stale, if the Frenchmen had come neerer.

4. (obsolete) A band of armed men or hunters.
   • c. 1540, J. Bellenden translating H. Boece, Hyst. & Cron. Scotl., XII xvi 184:

     The staill past throw the wod with sic noyis...yat all the bestis wer rasit fra thair dennys.

   • 1577, R. Holinshed, Hist. Scotl., 471 2 in Chron., I:

     The Lard of Drunlanrig lying al thys while in ambush...forbare to breake out to gyue anye charge vppon his enimies, doubting least the Earle of Lennox hadde kept a stale behynde.

5. (Scotland, military, obsolete) The main force of an army.
   • 1532 in 1836, State Papers Henry VIII, IV 626:

     Neveryeles I knaw asweill by Englisemen as Scottishmen that their stale was no les then thre thowsand men.

派生語

形容詞

stale (not comparable)

1. (chess, obsolete) At a standstill; stalemated.
   • c. 1470, Ashmolean MS 344, 21:

     Then drawith he & is stale.

動詞

stale (三人称単数 現在形 stales, 現在分詞 staling, 過去形および過去分詞形 staled)

1. (chess, uncommon, transitive) To stalemate.
   • c. 1470, Ashmole MS 344, 7:

     He shall stale þe black kyng in the pointe þer the crosse standith.

   • 1903, H. J. R. Murray, Brit. Chess. Mag., 283:

     In China, however, a player who stales his opponent's King, wins the game.

2. (chess, obsolete, intransitive) To be stalemated.
   • 1597, A. Montgomerie, Cherrie & Slae, 202:

     For vnder cuire I got sik check, that I micht neither muife nor neck, bot ather stale or mait.

語源 4

Noun from Middle English stale, from Anglo-Norman estal (“urine”). 動詞 from Middle English stalen, from Old French estaler (“urinate”), related to Middle High German stallen (“to piss”).^[4]

名詞

stale (uncountable)

1. (livestock, obsolete) Urine, especially used of horses and cattle.
   • 1535, Miles Coverdale translating the Bible, "Isaiah", XXXVI.100:

     […] That they be not compelled to eate their owne donge, and drinke their owne stale with you?

   • 1548, Robert Record, Vrinal of Physick, XI.89:

     The stale of Camels and Goats […] is good for them that have the dropsie.

   • 1583, B. Melbancke, Philotimus:

     Or annoint thy selfe with the stale of a mule.

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 48, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821:

     Those of Crotta being hardly besieged by Metellus, were reduced to so hard a pinch, and strait necessitie of all manner of other beverage, that they were forced to drinke the stale or urine of their horses.

   • c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iv], line 62:

     Thou did'st drinke The stale of Horses.

   • 1698, J. Fryer, New Acct. E.-India & Persia, p.242:

     Mice and Weasels by their poysonous Stale infect the Trees so, that they produce Worms.

   • 1733, W. Ellis, Chiltern & Vale Farming, p.122:

     Sheep, whose Dung and Stale is of most Virtue in the Nourishment of all Trees.

上位語

• See Thesaurus:urine

派生語

動詞

stale (三人称単数 現在形 stales, 現在分詞 staling, 過去形および過去分詞形 staled)

1. (livestock, obsolete, intransitive) To urinate, especially used of horses and cattle.
   • 15th century, Lawis Gild, X in Ancient Laws and Customs of the Burghs of Scotland, 68:

     Gif ony stal in the yet of the gilde...he sall gif iiijd. to the mendis.

   • 1530, John Palsgrave, L'éclaircissement de la langue française, 732 1:

     Tary a whyle, your hors wyll staale.

   • Template:RQ:Jonson Bartholmew Fayre
   • 1663, T. Killigrew, Parson's Wedding, I iii:

     I wonder [the knight's son] doth not go on all four too, and hold up his Leg when he stales.

   • 1903, Rudyard Kipling, Five Nations, 150:

     Cattle-dung where fuel failed; Water where the mules had staled; And sackcloth for their raiment.

   • c. 1920, Aleister Crowley, "Leigh Sublime":

     You stale like a mare
     And fart as you stale

   • 1928, Siegfried Sassoon, Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man, Penguin 2013, page 35:

     A mile or two before we got to the meet he stopped at an inn, where he put our horses into the stable for twenty minutes, ‘to give them a chance to stale’.

使用する際の注意点

Occasionally transitive, when in reference to horses or men pissing blood.

上位語

• See Thesaurus:urinate

参考

• piss like a racehorse (卑語 idiom)

語源 5

From Middle English stale (“bird used as a decoy”), probably from uncommon Anglo-Norman estale (“pigeon used to lure hawks”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic, probably *standaną (“to stand”). Compare 古期英語 stælhran (“decoy reindeer”) and Northumbrian stællo (“catching fish”).^[5]

名詞

stale (複数形 stales)

1. (falconry, hunting, obsolete) A live bird to lure birds of prey or others of its kind into a trap.
   • 1579, Thomas North, Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, "Sylla", 515:

     Like vnto the fowlers, that by their stales draw other birdes into their nets.

   • 1608, R. Tofte translating Ludovico Ariosto, Satyres, IV 56:

     A wife thats more then faire is like a stale, Or chanting whistle which brings birds to thrall.

2. (obsolete) Any lure, particularly in reference to people used as live bait.
   • c. 1529, "The Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng", 324, in John Skelton, Certayne Bokes:

     She ran in all the hast
     Vnbrased and vnlast...
     It was a stale to take
     the deuyll in a brake.

   • 1577, Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles, "The Historie of England, from the Time that It Was First Inhabited, Vntill the Time that It Was Last Conquered", 79 2:

     The Britaynes woulde oftentimes...lay their Cattell...in places conueniente, to bee as a stale to the Romaynes, and when the Romaynes shoulde make to them to fetche the same away,...they would fall vpon them.

   • 1579, J. Stubbs, Discouerie Gaping Gulf:

     Her daughter Margerit was the stale to lure...them that otherwise flewe hyghe...and could not be gotten.

   • 1615, George Sandys, A Relation of a Iourney begun An: Dom: 1610, I 66:

     ...many of the Coffamen keeping beaytifull boyes, who ſerue as ſtales to procure them cuſtomers.

   • 1670, J. Eachard, Grounds Contempt of Clergy, 88:

     Six-pence or a shilling to put into the Box, for a stale to decoy in the rest of the Parish.

3. (crime, obsolete) An accomplice of a thief or criminal acting as bait.
   • 1526, W. Bonde, Pylgrimage of Perfection, III:

     Their mynisters, be false bretherne or false sustern, stales of the deuyll.

   • 1633, S. Marmion, Fine Compan., III iv:

     This is Captain Whibble, the Towne stale, For all cheating imployments.

4. (obsolete) a partner whose beloved abandons or torments him in favor of another.
   • 1578, J. Lyly, Euphues, 33:

     I perceiue Lucilla (sayd he) that I was made thy stale, and Philautus thy laughinge stocke.

   • 1588, T. Hughes, Misfortunes Arthur, I ii 3:

     Was I then chose and wedded for his stale?

   • 1611, T. Middleton & al., Roaring Girle:

     Did I for this loose all my friends...to be made A stale to a common whore?

   • c. 1594, William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene i], line 100:

     But, too vnruly Deere, he breakes the pale And feedes from home; poore I am but his stale.

   • c. 1619–1623, John Fletcher; Philip Massinger, “The Little French Lawyer”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, OCLC 3083972, Act III, scene iv:

     This comes of rutting: Are we made stales to one another?

5. (obsolete) A patsy, a pawn, someone used under some false pretext to forward another's (usu. sinister) designs; a stalking horse.
   • 1580, E. Grindal in 1710, J. Strype, Hist. E. Grindal, 252:

     That of the two nominated, one should be an unfit Man, and as it were a Stale, to bring the Office to the other.

   • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene iii], line 260:

     Had he none else to make a stale but me?

   • 1614, W. Raleigh, Hist. World, I iv iii §19 239:

     Eurydice...meaning nothing lesse than to let her husband serue as a Stale, keeping the throne warme till another were growne old enough to sit in it.

   • 1711, J. Puckle, Club 20:

     A pretence of kindness is the universal stale to all base projects.

6. (crime, obsolete) A prostitute of the lowest sort; any wanton woman.
   • 1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene ii], line 23:

     Spare not to tell him, that he hath wronged his honor in marrying the renowned Claudio...to a contaminated stale.

   • 1606, S. Daniel, Queenes Arcadia, II i:

     But to be leaft for such a one as she, The stale of all, what will folke thinke of me?

   • c. 1641, Ralph Montagu, Acts & Monuments, 265:

     ...detesting as he said the insatiable impudency of a prostitute Stale.

7. (hunting, obsolete) Any decoy, either stuffed or manufactured.
   • 1681, J. Flavell, Method of Grace, XXXV 588:

     'Tis the living bird that makes the best stale to draw others into the net.

   • 1888, G. M. Fenn, Dick o' the Fens, 53:

     If my live birds aren't all drownded and my stales spoiled.

動詞

stale (三人称単数 現在形 stales, 現在分詞 staling, 過去形および過去分詞形 staled)

1. (rare, obsolete, transitive) To serve as a decoy, to lure.
   • 1557, Tottel's Misc., 198:

     The eye...Doth serue to stale her here and there where she doth come and go.

参照

アナグラム

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