variance %とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary +‎ -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈvɛə.ɹi.əns/, /ˈvɛː.ɹi.əns/
• (米国発音, without the Mary–marry–merry merger) IPA: /ˈvæɹ.i.əns/
• (米国発音, Mary–marry–merry merger, Canada) IPA: /ˈvɛɹ.i.əns/
• (General Australian) IPA: /ˈveː.ɹi.əns/
• (New Zealand, without the cheer–chair merger) IPA: /ˈveə.ɹi.əns/
• (New Zealand, cheer–chair merger) IPA: /ˈviə.ɹi.əns/

名詞

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

1. The act of varying or the state of being variable.
2. A difference between what is expected and what is observed; deviation.
   • 1973, United States Army Aviation Digest - Volume 19, page 18:

     Certain other factors were considered to explain the variance from expected figures. All seven aviators smoked. Each considered himself to be in good physical condition, though none found the time to exercise regularly. No aviator was obese.

   • 2004, F. L. Harrison, Dennis Lock, Advanced Project Management: A Structured Approach, page 212:

     This remains an important tool and relies on simple subtraction to evaluate the difference ( variance ) between a planned result and an actual measurement.

   • 2012, Penny Howard, Becky Whittaker (nee Chady), Karen Holland, Placement Learning in Cancer & Palliative Care Nursing, page 160:

     Whenever a patient is recorded as having a variance (V), it is important to return soon afterwards to see if the care intervention has helped.

   • 2018 June 13, Rory Smith, “IQ scores are falling and have been for decades, new study finds”, in CNN‎, archived from the original on 25 August 2023:

     The study not only showed IQ variance between children the same parents, but because the authors had the IQ scores of various parents, it demonstrated that parents with higher IQs tended to have more kids, ruling out the dysgenic fertility theory as a driver of falling IQ scores and highlighting the role of environmental factors instead.

3. The state of differing or being in conflict.
   • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Chapter XXVII. Lady Marchmont to Sir Jasper Meredith.”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 246:

     But here, again, is the old variance between nature and fortune: each seems to delight in marring the work of the other.

4. An official permit to do something that is ordinarily forbidden by regulations.
5. (law) A discrepancy between two legal documents.
6. (law) A departure from a cause of action originally in a complaint.
7. (statistics) The second central moment in probability; the square of the standard deviation.
8. (physics, chemistry, biology) The number of degrees of freedom in a system.
9. (computing, programming) Covariance and contravariance generally.

   Depending on the variance of the type constructor, the subtyping relation of the simple types may be either preserved, reversed, or ignored for the respective complex types.

派生語