don .とは 意味・読み方・使い方

アナグラム

• NOD, ODN, nod

語源 1

From Latin dominus (“lord, head of household”), akin to Italian don, Sicilian don, Spanish don; from domus (“house”). Doublet of dom, domine, dominie, and dominus.

名詞

don (plural dons)

1. (UK) A university professor, particularly one at Oxford or Cambridge.
   • 1859–1861, [Thomas Hughes], chapter I, in Tom Brown at Oxford: […], part 1st, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1861, →OCLC, page 12:

     No one feeds at the high table except the dons and the gentlemen-commoners, who are undergraduates in velvet caps and silk gowns[.]

   • 1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XVI, in Daniel Deronda, volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book II (Meeting Streams), page 321:

     The truth is, unless a man can get the prestige and income of a Don and write donnish books, it’s hardly worth while for him to make a Greek and Latin machine of himself and be able to spin you out pages of the Greek dramatists at any verse you’ll give him as a cue.

2. (Canada) An employee of a university residence who lives among the student residents.
3. A mafia boss, primarily for Italian or Italian American bosses.
4. A (usually Spanish or Italian) title of respect to a man, especially a lord or nobleman.

   Coordinate term: donna

   • 1845 September, Charles F. Ellerman, “Reminiscences of the Island of Cuba”, in Simmonds’s Colonial Magazine, volume VI, number 21, London, chapter VIII (Mrs. Smith seized with furor scribendi, writes a lengthy Epistle to her dear Cousin Mrs. Margery Stubbs), page 79:

     Wo often of an evening go and hear the band in the square opposite the captin-giniral’s palace—it is here were the dons and donnas and all the fashionables assemble, and I must say it’s amusing.

   • 1906 August, Harry H. Dunn, “Afoot in California”, in Western Field, volume 9, number 1, San Francisco, Calif., page 481, column 1:

     Time was when the walker amid California vales could stop at some cool cellar hid in these western hills and pour from great flagons a shimmering glass of cool red wine. Nowadays, the hand of the law has stepped in and spoiled all this, because the hordes of wanderers who have come west have made of these resting places questionable resorts—made of them places that the Spanish dons and donnas never dreamed of.

   • 2019, Caleb Stewart Rossiter, “Taking the Handles: Debating History and Morality”, in The Turkey and the Eagle: The Struggle for America’s Global Role, New York, N.Y.: Algora Publishing, →ISBN, page 283:

     A sustained media campaign against American domination would require the support of just a few dot-com dons and donnas or hedge fund phenoms who want to head straight for structural change and skip the reformist way stations supported by philanthropic business leaders like Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Ben Cohen, Gary Hirshberg, and the later[ ]Paul Newman’s family.

5. (MLE) Any man, bloke, dude.

   Synonym: donny

   • 2017 October 31, Loski, “Olympic Chinging”‎, from 1:55:

     I’m confused like who’s this don
     .22 bells and that who’s on

派生語

関連する語

• donzel

語源 2

From 中期英語 don (“to put on”), from 古期英語 dōn on; equivalent to do +‎ on. Compare also doff, dup, dout.

動詞

don (third-person singular simple present dons, present participle donning, simple past and past participle donned)

1. (transitive) To put on clothing; to dress (oneself) in an article of personal attire.

   Synonyms: put on, clothe, dight, enrobe; see also Thesaurus:clothe

   Antonym: doff

   To don one's clothes.

   • 1886-88, Richard Francis Burton, The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night:

     Now when he had reached the King's capital wherein was Alaeddin, he alighted at one of the Kháns; and, when he had rested from the weariness of wayfare, he donned his dress and went down to wander about the streets, where he never passed a group without hearing them prate about the pavilion and its grandeur and vaunt the beauty of Alaeddin and his lovesomeness, his liberality and generosity, his fine manners and his good morals.

   • 2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 41:

     Having donned our PPE, we walk through the site to the prefab that controls access to the tunnel.

派生語

参考

• put on
• wear

参考

• ram-don (etymologically unrelated)

アナグラム

• NOD, ODN, nod

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *dōn (“to do”). The exact development of past tense forms dyde, dydest, and dydon is unexplained, for such forms have -y- instead of expected *-e- (*dede, *dedest, *dedon) from Proto-Germanic past stem *ded-/*dēd-.

発音

• IPA: /doːn/
• 韻: -oːn

動詞

dōn

1. to do
   • c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English

     Iċ dyde swā iċ meahte.

     I did what I could.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 17:12

     Hīe dydon swā hwæt swā hīe woldon.

     They did whatever they wanted.

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 41:55

     Gangaþ tō Iosepe and dōþ swā hwæt swā hē ēow seċġe.

     Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.

2. to make, cause
   • c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"

     Þū dydest mīnne brōðor his god forlǣtan.

     You made my brother renounce his god.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 3:3

     Ġeġearwiaþ Dryhtnes weġ, dōþ his sīðas rihte.

     Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 4:19

     Folgiaþ mē, and iċ dō þæt ġit bēoþ manna fisċeras.

     Follow me, and I'll make you fishers of people.

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36

     Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."

     Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."

   • c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"

     Swā swā hī ǣr mid nette fixodon on sǣlicum ȳðum, swā dyde Crist þæt hī siððan mid his heofonlīcan lāre manna sāwla ġefixodon; forðan ðe hī ætbrūdon folces menn fram flǣsclīcum lustum, and fram woruldlīcum ġedwyldum tō staðolfæstnysse lybbendra eorðan, þæt is tō ðām ēċan ēðle, be ðām cwæð sē witega þurh Godes Gāst, "Iċ āsende mīne fisċeras, and hī ġefixiað hī; mīne huntan, and hī huntiað hī of ǣlċere dūne and of ǣlċere hylle."

     As they before with a net had fished on the sea waves, so Christ caused them afterwards by his heavenly lore to fish for the souls of men; for they withdrew the people from fleshly lusts, and from worldly errors to the stability of the earth of the living, that is, to the eternal country, of which the prophet, through God's Spirit, said, "I will send my fishers, and they shall fish for them; my hunters, and they shall hunt them from every down and from every hill."

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"

     Sē fēorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisċ wēamōdnyss. Sēo dēð þæt sē man nāh his mōdes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and myċele yfelu.

     The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.

3. to put
   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33

     Hē dyde his fingras on his ēaran.

     He put his fingers in his ears.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:52

     Þā cwæþ sē Hǣlend tō him, "Dō þīn sweord eft on his sċēaðe."

     Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword back in its sheath."

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 9:23

     Hwæt þā Sēm and Iapheth dydon ānne hwītel on heora sċuldran and ēodon underbæc.

     So then Shem and Japheth put a blanket on their shoulders and walked backwards.

4. to add
   • c. 1011, Byrhtferth, Manual‎:

     Blōtmōnaþ hæfþ seofon rēgulārēs. Dō þrītiġ þǣr tō, þonne bēoþ þæt seofon and þrītiġ.

     November has seven regulares. Add thirty to that, and it is thirty-seven.

5. to take off, remove
   • late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5

     Dō þīn ġesċȳ of þīnum fōtum! Sōðlīċe sēo stōw þe þū on stentst is hālgu eorðe.

     Take your shoes off your feet! The place you're standing on is holy ground.

6. to treat someone (+ dative) a certain way
   • c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict

     XXXV. Be þām þæt man eallum munucum ġelīċe dōn sċyle.

     35. On how all monks should be treated equally.

   • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy

     Ēalā hū yfele mē dōþ maniġe weoroldmenn mid þām þæt iċ ne mōt wealdan mīnra āgenra þēawa.

     Many worldly people treat me so badly, I'm not allowed to use my own strengths.

   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:19

     Nū iċ neom wierðe þæt iċ bēo þīn sunu nemned. Dō mē swā ānne of þīnum ierðlingum.

     I don't deserve to be called your son anymore. Treat me as one of your fieldworkers.

7. to give (+dative)
   • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"

     ...Næbbe iċ seolfor ne gold, iċ þē dō þæt iċ hæbbe...

     ...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...

8. (pro-verb) Used to refer back to an earlier verb to avoid repetition.
   • c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English

     Ǣte þū tōdæġ? Iċ dyde.

     Did you eat today? I did.

   • c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Beginning of Creation"

     Þæt ċild wēox swā swā ōðru ċildru dōþ.

     The child grew as other children do.

   • late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 3:8

     Þā behȳdde Adam hine, and his wīf ēac swā dyde, fram Godes ġesihte.

     Then Adam hid himself from God's sight, and his wife did so too.

使用する際の注意点

• Old English does not have do-support. While dōn does have auxiliary function in Old English, such uses are purely causative, equivalent to modern "to make" or "to cause to" (as per sense 2 above). Therefore, when asking "do you hate me?", one would say hatast þū mē? (literally "hatest thou me?"), not dēst þū mē hatian? (which would instead mean "do you make me hate?").
• There are some emphatic uses of dōn that bear some resemblance to do-support constructions, often involving the ǣġþer ġe ("both ... and ...") construction and other verbs in apposition, although the apposed verbs are finite rather than infinitives. In such contexts, dōn is generally better translated with "to be", and the apposed verbs with participles or adjectives as necessary: sē catt dēþ ǣġþer ġe slǣpð ġe wacaþ ("the cat is both asleep and awake", or if translated with do-support, "the cat does both sleep and be awake").

Conjugation

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: don, do, donne, doon, doyn
  • English: do

    Geordie: de, dee, div

  • Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
  • Yola: doone, deen

参照

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “don”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

別の表記

• do, donne, doon, doyn

発音

• IPA: /doːn/
• 韻: -oːn

動詞

don (third-person singular simple present doth, present participle doynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative dide, past participle don)

1. To do, perform (an activity)
2. To complete, finish
3. To make, create
4. To put, place, position, raise
5. To remove, take away
6. To go or move (in a specified direction)
7. To behave (in a specified manner)
8. (auxiliary) To cause (an action or state)
9. (auxiliary) Emphasises the verb that follows it
10. (auxiliary) Stands in for a verb in a dependent clause

使用する際の注意点

As in modern English, several uses of this verb are highly idiomatic.

Conjugation

派生語

• doer

派生した語

• English: do

  Geordie: de, dee, div

• Scots: dae, dee (Doric)
• Yola: doone, deen

参照

• “dọ̄n, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 12 March 2018.
• Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1928) [1923], “Chapter X: Verbs”, in An elementary middle English grammar‎, second edition, London: Oxford University Press, →OCLC, § 441, page 203; reprinted 1957.

語源 2

From 古期英語 dōn on.

発音

• IPA: /dɔn/

動詞

don

1. (Late Middle English) to put on

Conjugation

派生した語

• English: don
• Yola: don

参照

• “don, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 3

名詞

don

1. plural of do (“doe”)

アナグラム

• NOD, ODN, nod