英和和英

語源 1

From Middle English dumb (“silent, speechless, mute, ineffectual”), from 古期英語 dumb (“silent, speechless, mute, unable to speak”), from Proto-West Germanic *dumb, from Proto-Germanic *dumbaz (“dull, dumb”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure”).

The senses of stupid, unintellectual, and pointless, which are found regularly since the 19th century only, probably developed under the influence of German dumm and Dutch dom. Just like the English word, these originally meant "lacking the power of speech", but they developed the mentioned senses early on.

形容詞

dumb (comparative dumber, superlative dumbest)

1. (dated) Unable to speak; lacking power of speech (kept in "deaf, dumb, かつ blind").

   Synonyms: mute, speechless, wordless

   His younger brother was born dumb, and communicated with sign language.

   • 1594–1597, Richard Hooker, edited by J[ohn] S[penser], Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, […], London: […] Will[iam] Stansby [for Matthew Lownes], published 1611, →OCLC, (please specify the page):

     to unloose the very tongues even of dumb creatures

   • 1788, Mary Wollstonecraft, chapter 2, in Original Stories from Real Life (Children's literature), London: J. Johnson, published 1796, pages 10–11:

     The country people frequently ſay,—How can you treat a poor dumb beaſt ill; and a ſtreſs is very properly laid on the word dumb; for dumb they appear to thoſe who do not obſerve their looks and geſtures; but God, who takes care of every thing, underſtands their language...

   • 1884 January 5, “Mighty maiden with a mission”, in W. S. Gilbert (lyrics), Arthur Sullivan (music), Princess Ida‎^[1], performed by D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, London, page 48:

     We are dumb and we would talk

   • 1992, “Opiate”, performed by Tool:

     Deaf and blind and dumb and born to follow / What you need is someone strong to guide you

2. (archaic) Not talkative; taciturn or unwilling to speak.
3. (dated) Having no input or voice in running things.
   • 1843 April, Thomas Carlyle, “Democracy”, in Past and Present, American edition, Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, published 1843, →OCLC, book III (The Modern Worker), page 210:

     Life was never a May-game for men; in all times the lot of the dumb-millions born to toil was defaced with manifold sufferings, injustices, heavy burdens, avoidable and unavoidable; not play at all, but hard work that made the sinews sore, and the heart sore.

4. (dated, of things, actions, etc.) Unaccompanied by words or speech, silent, wordless.

   dumb show

   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

     Since you are tongue-tied and so loath to speak
     In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts

   • 1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 23”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

     O let my books be then the eloquence
     And dumb presagers of my speaking breast […]

   • 1881, John Campbell Shairp, Aspects of Poetry:

     to pierce into the dumb past

5. (dated) Not producing any sound, silent.
   • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXIII, page 39:

     […] Thro’ lands where not a leaf was dumb;
     ⁠But all the lavish hills would hum
     The murmur of a happy Pan: […]

6. (informal, derogatory, especially of a person) Stupid.

   Synonyms: feeble-minded, idiotic, moronic, stupid; see also Thesaurus:stupid

   Antonyms: intelligent, smart

   You are so dumb! You don't even know how to make toast!

7. (figuratively) Pointless, foolish, lacking intellectual content or value.

   Synonyms: banal, brainless, dopey, silly, stupid, ridiculous, vulgar

   This is dumb! We're driving in circles! We should have asked for directions an hour ago!

   Brendan had the dumb job of moving boxes from one conveyor belt to another.

8. Lacking some functionality or property ordinarily characteristic of its kind.
10. (of technology) Not equipped with intelligent behavior or processing capabilities of its own.

    Antonym: smart

11. (obsolete, rare) Lacking brightness or clearness as a colour; dim, dull.
    • 1720, Daniel Defoe, The Life, Adventures and Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton:

      Her stern, which was painted of a dumb white or dun color.

派生語

語源 2

From Middle English dumben, from 古期英語 dumbian (more commonly in compound ādumbian (“to become mute または dumb; keep silence; hold one’s peace”)), from Proto-Germanic *dumbijaną, *dumbōną (“to be silent, become dumb”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure”). Cognate with German verdummen (“to become dumb”).

動詞

dumb (三人称単数 現在形 dumbs, 現在分詞 dumbing, 過去形および過去分詞形 dumbed)

1. (transitive, dated) To silence.
   • c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]:

     […] what I would have spoke
     Was beastly dumbed by him.

   • 1911, Lindsay Swift, William Lloyd Garrison, page 272:

     The paralysis of the Northern conscience, the dumbing of the Northern voice, were coming to an end.

2. (transitive) To make stupid.
   • 2003, Angela Calabrese Barton, Teaching Science for Social Justice, page 124:

     I think she's dumbing us down, so we won't be smarter than her.

3. (transitive) To represent as stupid.
   • 2004, Stephen Oppenheimer, The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, page 107:

     Bad-mouthing Neanderthals […] is symptomatic of a need to exclude and even demonize. […] I suggest that the unproven dumbing of the Neanderthals is an example of the same cultural preconception.

4. (transitive) To reduce the intellectual demands of.
   • 2002, Deborah Meier, In Schools We Trust: Creating Communities of Learning in an Era of Testing, page 126:

     The ensuing storm caused the department to lower the bar—amid protests that this was dumbing the test down—so that only 80 percent of urban kids would fail.

派生語

語源 3

A minced oath of damn.^[1][2]

副詞

dumb (not comparable)

2. (African-American Vernacular) Very, extremely.

   Synonyms: type, mad, hella, wicked, (NYC) odee, (MLE, MTE) bare

   • 2017, Don Winslow, The Force, London: HarperCollins Publishers, →ISBN, page 134:

     "What, you don't like your food?" Russo asks. ¶ "Are you kidding? It's dumb good."

   • 2019, Natisha Raynor, She Made a Savage Change His Ways 2, Atlanta, G.A.: Royalty Publishing House, →ISBN, page 4:

     Yo this shit is crazy how these females are making these doctors rich. My baby moms Miracle is getting surgery in a week or so. She's flying out to Colombia. That shit really baffles me as far as she's concerned, because Miracle is already dumb thick. I'm like damn ma, how big do you want your ass to be?

派生語

形容詞

dumb (comparative more dumb, superlative most dumb)

1. (African-American Vernacular, dated) An intensifier expressing contempt; damn, damned.
   • 2002, Glenna Whiteaker Wilding, Tales of a Ridgerunner: The Adventures of a Young Family Growing Up in the East Tennessee Mountains, 1890s - 1920s, Prospect, K.Y.: Harmony House Publishers, →ISBN, page 95:

     Pap came to stand beside her and watched the two play. "That pup has just plum' fell in love with our Sammy, an' Sam's real took by him," Pap said. "It's a dumb shame, too. I talked to Jim, but he's not of a mind to sell."

参照

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *dumb.

発音

• IPA^(key): /dumb/

形容詞

dumb

1. mute, dumb (unable to speak)
2. (substantive) a mute
   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 11:14

     Þā hē ūt ādrāf þā dēofolsēocnesse, þā spræc se dumba.

     When he drove out the demon, the mute person spoke.

語形変化

関連する語

• dumbnes

派生した語

• Middle English: dumb
  • Scots: dumb
  • English: dumb