Martyrとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 martir, from 古期英語 martyr, itself a borrowing from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), later form of μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

発音

• (General Australian) IPA: /ˈmɐːtə(ɹ)/, [ˈmɐːtə(ɹ)], [ˈmɐːɾə(ɹ)]
• IPA: (Received Pronunciation) /ˈmɑːtə(ɹ)/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈmɑɹ.tɚ/, [ˈmɑɹ.ɾɚ]
• 韻: -ɑː(ɹ)tə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: mar‧tyr

名詞

martyr (plural martyrs)

1. One who willingly accepts being put to death or willingly accepts challenging and exposing iniquity done to oneself for adhering openly to one's religious beliefs; notably, saints canonized after red martyrdom.

   Saint Stephen was the first Christian martyr.

   • 2017 December 16, “These priests were martyred for refusing to violate the seal of confession”, in Catholic News Agency‎:

     Fr. Felipe Císcar Puig was a Valencian priest who is also also considered a martyr of the sacramental seal because he was martyred after keeping confessions secret during the religious persecution of the Spanish Civil War.

2. (by extension) One who sacrifices their life, station, or something of great personal value, for the sake of principle or to sustain a cause.
3. (with a prepositional phrase of cause) One who suffers greatly and/or constantly, even involuntarily.

   Stan is a martyr to arthritis, Chris a martyr to Stan's endless moaning about it.

   • 1937, AJ Cronin, The Citadel:

     He'd been a martyr to asthma all his life.

   • 1982, J. G. Thirlwell, “J.Q. Murder”, in Ache, performed by You've Got Foetus on Your Breath:

     J.Q. Murder wears sandpaper suits
     Broken glass in pocket, barbed wire boots
     Not because he's mean, but because he's a martyr
     He makes Jackie Collins look like Jean-Paul Sartre

4. (derogatory) Someone who exaggerate their pain and suffering in order to gain sympathy.

   You have a great life! Stop trying to play the martyr!

反意語

• apostate
• confessor

下位語

• shaheed, shahid (martyr in Arabic, carrying the same etymological root of “witness”)

派生語

関連する語

動詞

martyr (third-person singular simple present martyrs, present participle martyring, simple past and past participle martyred)

1. (transitive) To make someone into a martyr by putting them to death for adhering to, or acting in accordance with, some belief, especially religious; to sacrifice on account of faith or profession.
   • 2017 December 16, “These priests were martyred for refusing to violate the seal of confession”, in Catholic News Agency‎:

     Fr. Felipe Císcar Puig was a Valencian priest who is also also considered a martyr of the sacramental seal because he was martyred after keeping confessions secret during the religious persecution of the Spanish Civil War.

2. (transitive) To persecute.

   Some religious and other minorities were martyred until extinction.

3. (transitive) To torment; to torture.
   • c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

     Hark, wretches, how I mean to martyr you.
     This one hand yet is left to cut your throats,
     Whiles that Lavinia ’tween her stumps doth hold
     The basin that receives your guilty blood.

   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 2, page 94:

     […] The louely Amoret, whoſe gentle hart
     Thou martyreſt with ſorow and with ſmart, […]

同意語

• martyrize

派生語

参照

語源

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), later form of μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

名詞

martyr m

1. martyr
   • late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints

     Þā sē hālga martyr mid þām Hālgan Gāst āfylled smearcode mid mūþe and tō þām mānfullan cwæþ "Ūs ġedafenaþ tō offriġenne þām undēadlīċum gode."

     Then the holy martyr, filled with the Holy Spirit, smiled with his mouth and to the evil man said "It benefits us to sacrifice to the immortal God."

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

参照

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “martyr”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈmar.tyr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈmar.t̪ir]

名詞

martyr m or f (genitive martyris); third declension

1. (Ecclesiastical Latin) martyr, especially a Christian martyr

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

関連する語

• martyrium

派生した語

• → Proto-Brythonic: *merθɨr (see there for further descendants)
• → Danish: martyr
• → Dutch: martelaar
• → Estonian: märter
• → Finnish: marttyyri
• → Old French: martire
  • French: martyr
  • → Middle English: martir
    • Scots: mairtyr
    • English: martyr
      • → Maori: matira
  • Norman: martyr
• → German: Märtyrer
• → Hungarian: mártír
• → Old Irish: martar
• Old Italian: martore
• → Italian: martire
• Lombard: màrtul
• Neapolitan: marture
• → Norwegian: martyr
• → Old Occitan:
  • Catalan: màrtir
  • Occitan: martir
• → Old Galician-Portuguese:
  • Galician: mártir
  • Portuguese: mártir
• Romanian: martor
• Sardinian: màrturu
• Sicilian: màrtiri
• → Scottish Gaelic: martair
• → Spanish: mártir
  • → Tagalog: martir
• → Swedish: martyr

参照

• “martyr”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• "martyr", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)