hazardとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 hasard, from Old French hasart (“a game of dice”) (noun), hasarder (verb), from Arabic اَلزَّهْر (az-zahr, “the dice”). Compare Spanish azar, Portuguese azar.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈhæzəd/
• (General American, Canada) IPA: /ˈhæzɚd/
• (Australia) IPA: /ˈhæzəd/
• (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈhɛzəd/

名詞

hazard (countable and uncountable, plural hazards)

1. (now chiefly historical) A game of chance played with dice, usually for monetary stakes, popular mainly from 14th c. to 19th c. [from 14th c.]
   • 1777, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The School for Scandal, III.iii:

     [T]here's Harry diets himself—for gaming and is now under a hazard Regimen.

   • 1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 40, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

     All the young men go to Spratt’s after their balls. It is de rigueur, my dear; and they play billiards as they used to play macao and hazard in Mr. Fox’s time.

   • 1901, William Biggs Boulton, The Amusements of Old London, volume I, London: John C. Nimmo, page 139:

     Hazard at the clubs and in fashionable society was conducted with all decorum. It was unfashionable and unpardonable to show any display of feeling at losses or gains.

   • 2002, Jo Beverley, Hazard, →ISBN:

     She realized then that, of course, no one was playing hazard. Dice games were technically illegal, and certainly improper.

2. Chance; accident, unpredictability. [from 16th c.]
   • c. 1597, William Shakespeare, Richard III, act 5, scene 4:

     I will stand the hazard of the die.

   • 2006 May 20, John Patterson, The Guardian:

     I see animated movies are now managing, by hazard or design, to reflect our contemporary reality more accurately than live-action movies.

3. (uncountable) The risk of some loss or harm; danger, peril, the chance of an adverse outcome. [from 16th c.]

   He encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life.

   • a. 1729, John Rogers, The Difficulties of Obtaining Salvation:

     Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a condition of the utmost hazard.

   • 1599, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar:

     Why, now, blow wind, swell billow, and swim bark! The storm is up and all is on the hazard.

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:

     He […] concluded by saying, he should never forgive his brother for having put the place which he bore in that friendship to a hazard.

4. (countable) A situation involving such a risk of harm or loss; (later also) a person or object which poses such a risk, something seen as a source of danger or difficulty. [from 16th c.]

   The video game involves guiding a character on a skateboard past all kinds of hazards.

   • 2006, Edwin Black, chapter 1, in Internal Combustion‎:

     If successful, Edison and Ford—in 1914—would move society away from the ever more expensive and then universally known killing hazards of gasoline cars:  […] .

   • 2009 December 27, Barbara Ellen, The Guardian:

     Quite apart from the gruesome road hazards, snow is awful even when you don't have to travel.

   • 2014, Neville Stanton et al., Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation: Part III, →ISBN:

     Hazard perception tests often include the task to react quickly to hazards within traffic scenarios.

5. (real tennis) Each of the various openings or galleries around the side of a court. [from 16th c.]
6. (obsolete) Anything that is hazarded or risked, such as a stake in gambling. [16th–17th c.]
   • c. 1600, William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice:

     But if you please
     To shoot another arrow that self way
     Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt,
     As I will watch the aim, or to find both
     Or bring your latter hazard back again
     And thankfully rest debtor for the first.

7. (billiards) A stroke which results in potting a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player's ball (losing hazard). [from 17th c.]
8. (golf) Something which prevents free striking of the ball, such as a sand or water obstacle. [from 18th c.]
9. (Ireland, now historical) A cabstand, especially in Dublin. [from 19th c.]
   • 1922 February 2, James Joyce, “[Episode 5: Lotus Eaters]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company […], →OCLC, part II [Odyssey], page 73:

     Mr Bloom went round the corner and passed the drooping nags of the hazard.

10. (programming) A problem with the instruction pipeline in CPU microarchitectures when the next instruction cannot execute in the following clock cycle, potentially leading to incorrect results. [from 20th c.]

同意語

• (chance): fortune, luck; see also Thesaurus:luck
• (chance of suffering harm): adventure
• (anything hazarded or risked): bet, pledge, skin in the game, wager

下位語

派生語

動詞

hazard (third-person singular simple present hazards, present participle hazarding, simple past and past participle hazarded)

1. To expose to chance; to take a risk.
   • a. 1676, John Clarke, Excuses of the Irreligious:

     to be consistent, you ought to be a Chriſtian in temper and practice; for you hazard nothing by a course of evangelical obedience

   • 1642, Thomas Fuller, The Holy State, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Roger Daniel for John Williams, […], →OCLC:

     He hazards his neck to the halter.

2. To risk (something); to venture, incur, or bring on.

   I'll hazard a guess.

   • c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     I hazarded the loss of whom I loved.

   • 1824, Walter Savage Landor, “Lord Chesterfield and Lord Chatham”, in Imaginary Conversations of Literary Men and Statesmen, volume II, London: […] Taylor and Hessey, […], →OCLC:

     They hazard to cut their feet.

派生語

Further reading

• “hazard”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.