「under」に関連した英語例文の一覧と使い方(998ページ目) - Weblio英語例文検索

Therefore, in the Konin-Jogan eras in the early Heian period (the ninth century), the taxes policy of the government was converted from taxation on people, which was the initial policy mapped out under the Ritsuryo codes, to the taxation on lands. 例文帳に追加

これに伴い、平安前期の弘仁貞観期（9世紀）には、政府の租税方針も律令が当初想定していた人への課税から土地への課税へと転換した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The term 'ichien' at the time meant entirety or completeness, and lands that were under ichien control were called ichienchi (ichien land), ichienryo (ichien territory), or ichien no sho (ichien manor). 例文帳に追加

当時、「一円」の語は、一元的または完全を意味しており、一円的に支配されている土地を一円地（いちえんち）・一円領（いちえんりょう）・一円荘（いちえんのしょう）などと呼んだ。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

One was called jobun, which was the profit (from nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties)) generated from land or by farmers, and the other was called shitaji, which was the land under control. 例文帳に追加

1つは、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益（年貢・公事など）の上分（じょうぶん）であり、もう1つは、支配する土地そのものの下地（したじ）である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The cultivation plan for a million-cho rice field under the ritsuryo government in 722 is a kind of kanno and the government tried to increase and ensure financial revenues by promoting agricultural production. 例文帳に追加

律令政府が722年に企画した良田百万町歩開墾計画も、勧農の一形態であり、農業生産を振興することにより、財政収入を増加・確保しようとしたものである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

However, entering the era of Southern Sung Dynasty, which was oppressed by Kittan (Khitan/Khitai), Chin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the Southern Sung Dynasty issued lots of low-quality coins under a state of war, causing rampant inflation, causing the downgraded values of the coins, and resulted in forcing more and more coins to be brought into Japan. 例文帳に追加

しかしながら、契丹や金、元などに圧迫された南宋の時代になると質の悪い戦時通貨を大量に発行、インフレが横行し、銭のレートが下がってますます大量に流入した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Most shugo were permanently stationed in Kyoto or Kamakura as key members of bakufu, leaving the actual territory management to the shugo-dai (deputy of shugo), who were selected from vassals under the direct supervision of shugo and the kokujin stratum. 例文帳に追加

ほとんどの守護は、幕府の枢要メンバーとして京都もしくは鎌倉に常住しており、実際の領国経営は、直属家臣や国人層から選んだ守護代に任せていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under such situations, samurai groups formed being centered in the Kanto region, and in such a group, the master took top position and led his servants called Ienoko or roto. 例文帳に追加

こうした状況下で、関東を中心に武士団が形成されていったが、武士団では主人がトップに立ち、家子・郎党と呼ばれる従者たちを率いていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger. 例文帳に追加

一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Nevertheless, due partly to the fact that self-government had already taken root in village communities, the Edo bakufu government and feudal lords chose to place villages under civil administration, allowing them a certain degree of self-government. 例文帳に追加

しかし、室町期以来、村落自治が根付いていたこともあって、江戸幕府及び諸大名は、村落にある程度の自治を付与する民政を選択した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Following this reappraisal, the view that the period from the 9th century to the 11th century was a transition period from the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes to a dynastic state system became commonly accepted, without focusing on the Engi and Tenryaku eras too much. 例文帳に追加

これによって、延喜・天暦期を特別に重視することなく、9世紀から11世紀までの期間を律令国家期から王朝国家期への移行期としてとらえる見解が通説となっている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Immediately before the Gangyo War, the increase in the cost of Akita-jo Castle to appease the Emishi in Hokkaido had become a problem, to the extent that the finances of Dewa Province were put under pressure. 例文帳に追加

元慶の乱が始まる直前に、秋田城の対北海道蝦夷の饗給の増大は、出羽国の財政を圧迫するまでに問題化していたという。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

However, vassals of the Inada clan, the keepers of Sumoto-jo Castle, who were known for the Kogo incident (also known as Inada uproar), were exceptionally promoted to the warrior class under strict conditions such as their migration to Hokkaido. 例文帳に追加

ただし庚午事変（稲田騒動）で有名な洲本城代の稲田氏の家臣は、北海道移住など過酷な条件の元、例外的に士族に取り立てられた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

At that time, FUJIWARA no Korechika was accused of secretly conducting a magic ritual called Daigensuiho that was under a ban without a royal command, and was relegated to the position of Dazai gon no sochi (provisional governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]). 例文帳に追加

またその際、藤原伊周は勅命によるもの以外は禁止されている呪術である大元帥法をひそかに行ったとして、大宰権帥に左遷された。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In 1541, the Amago army under the command of Haruhisa AMAGO attacked Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle, the base of the Mori clan, with 30,000 men; however, he was repelled by the 3,000 strong Mori army with reinforcements from the Ouchi clan (See Siege of Koriyama) 例文帳に追加

天文(元号)10年（1541年）、尼子晴久率いる尼子軍が毛利氏の本拠である吉田郡山城を30,000の兵で攻めたものの、毛利軍の3,000の兵と大内軍の援軍によって撃退された（吉田郡山城の戦いを参照）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Ryoji refers to a document issued under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code by princes, empresses, etc.) for conveying orders of princes and three sango (Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress). 例文帳に追加

令旨（りょうじ）とは、律令制のもとで出された、皇太子・三后（太皇太后・皇太后・皇后）の命令を伝えるために出した文書。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan. 例文帳に追加

負名（ふみょう）とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains. 例文帳に追加

別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In 1310, such disputes were for the first time dealt with as kendan-sata (criminal cases) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were under the control of Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) and Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) Kendangata (criminal justice). 例文帳に追加

1310年（延慶(日本)3）からは鎌倉幕府によって検断沙汰（刑事事件）として扱われ、侍所および六波羅探題検断方の所管となった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In the event of the occurrence of a dispute, shugo (provincial constable) of the state had to settle the dispute at the site under the direction of Samurai-dokoro or Rokuhara Tandai and report the results to Samurai-dokoro, etc. 例文帳に追加

実際に事案が発生した際は、侍所・六波羅の命を受けた当該国の守護が現地で紛争をおさめ、守護は経過を侍所などへ報告することとされていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

While shugo in the Kamakura period were involved in the kendan (trials) of karita-rozeki under the supervision of Samurai-dokoro, shugo in the Muromachi period actually exercised their own authority when hearing karita-rozeki cases. 例文帳に追加

鎌倉期守護は、侍所などの監督下で刈田狼藉の検断を実施してきたが、室町期守護は自らの権能として刈田狼藉の検断を実施することができるようになった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

As the limitation of people-based governance/tax collection under the Ritsuryo system became clear in the late 9th century, policy changes, such as substantial delegation of authority to local administrative bodies and the switch from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, were implemented in early 10th century. 例文帳に追加

9世紀後期に至って律令制的な人民支配・租税収取に限界が生じたため、10世紀初頭より、地方政治への大幅な統治委任や個別人身支配から土地課税原則への方針転換が進められた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under such circumstances, the government was pressed to build up a new regime, in lieu of the then existing people-based governance, which enabled it to secure tax revenue. 例文帳に追加

こうした状況を受け、政府は、従前の個別人身支配に代わって租税収取を確保するための新たな支配体制を構築するため、大きな方針転換を迫られていた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

This policy change was proven by the fact that the government ceased to conduct handen shuju (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land), whose premise was people-based governance under the Ritsuryo system, since the Suzaku era. 例文帳に追加

朱雀期以降、律令制的人別支配を前提とする班田収授が実施されていないことなどが、この政策転回の存在を示している。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under the principle of people-based governance, the government imposes tax on individuals, but it becomes impossible to grasp the name of taxable people if the case of false registration and/or escape occurs frequently. 例文帳に追加

個人を課税対象として把握する個別人身支配において、偽籍・逃亡が頻発すると課税対象である個人を把握することはできなくなる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under the principle of tax on land, however, the government can collect tax from wealthy peasants who eventually manage the land in question only by confirming the existence of land. 例文帳に追加

しかし、土地課税原則のもとでは、田地の存在さえ把握していればそこを実質的に経営している富豪層から収取すべき租税を収取することが十分可能となる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In the early 10th century, Koden was reorganized into the base for taxing called Myoden (rice field lots managed by a nominal holder) and the system called Myo-system, under which local wealthy peasants (Tato (cultivators)/Fumyoso (tiller of the public rice field)) were responsible for the management of Myoden as well as land tax payment, was established. 例文帳に追加

10世紀初頭頃から、公田は名田と呼ばれる租税収取の基礎単位へ編成され、現地の富豪層（田堵・負名層）が名田経営と租税納入を請け負うという名体制が形成されていった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

By the end of the eleventh century they had started to claim that the ability to heal the king's evil (scrofula) was the privilege of the French Crown; a similar idea was formed in England under the Norman dynasty. 例文帳に追加

また11世紀末期から瘰癧の治癒能力がフランス王権の特権として主張され始め、ノルマン朝のイングランドでも同様の思想が形成された。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times. 例文帳に追加

地子（じし/ちし）とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials. 例文帳に追加

一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The certified shoen lords collected Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), yo (tax in kind) and yoeki (corvee under Ritsuryo system) in addition to jishi (land tax) on rice fields, and similarly in koryo the taxation system was consolidated. 例文帳に追加

公認化された荘園の領主は、田地の地子（じし）（賃租料）に加え、租庸調、庸や徭役にあたる公事（くじ）も徴収し、同様に公領においても租税体系は一本化した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under such circumstances, the concept of territory of kuge (court noble) and territory of samurai families took root and the provisions in the various laws on the premise of Ichien chigyo began to appear. 例文帳に追加

このような状況のもと室町時代になると、公家領、武家領という概念が定着し諸法令上も一円知行を前提とした規定が見られるようになった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

From the first half of the 1910s, Shakai Kagaku Kenkyu-kai (Society for the Study of Social Science), or Shaken, has been organized in universities, high schools, vocational schools and so forth under the old system of education, and Gakusei Rengokai (Federation of Students), or Gakuren, in which Shaken from 49 schools participated, was inaugurated in September 1924. 例文帳に追加

1910年代前半より、各旧制大学・旧制高等学校・旧制専門学校などでは社会科学研究会（社研）が組織され、1924年9月には49校の社研が参加する学生連合会（学連）が発足した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under the influence of the Affair on March 15, the public trial underwent a complicated processes, and in the decision by Osaka koso-in (Osaka court of appeal) of December 1929, 18 criminals were sentenced to severe assessment of a case of imprisonment with hard labor less than seven years. 例文帳に追加

その後の三・一五事件の影響で公判は紆余曲折の経緯をたどり、1929年12月の大阪控訴院判決では18名に対し懲役7年以下とより厳しい量刑となった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Honke is a nominal owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Japanese Shoen (refer to the Shiki system in the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) section). 例文帳に追加

本家（ほんけ）は、日本の荘園における重層的土地支配構造（荘園公領制、職の体系を参照）上、最上位に位置づけられる土地の名義上の所有権者である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Ryoke appointed kaihatsu ryoshu to shokan to manage the lands, and through them, ryoke obtained income for themselves by collecting harvests from shoen as jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) and required peasants (shomin) who worked within shoen to provide labor for kuji (public duties). 例文帳に追加

領家は、開発領主を現地管理者として荘官に任命し、荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を地子として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓（荘民）に労役を課したり（公事）して、自らの収入とした。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

It was the kokushi's right to impose the zoyo, and among the kokushi there was some who imposed the zoyo for personal use; it is commonly accepted that the zoyo became a burden to the komin (the registered people, especially farmers, under the Ritsuryo system) and thus caused the handen farmers (farmers whom the government had given the handen, or the allotted land for farming) to decline, abandon the land and flee to other domains. 例文帳に追加

雑徭の賦課は国司の権限であり、なかには私用で雑徭を課す国司もおり、公民の負担となり班田農民の没落・逃散を促したとする見解が通説である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

However, in Japan the saka system, in which the ko (an administrative unit of a few families under the Ritsuryo system) was classified by rank and the labor was allocated according to rank, was not adopted and therefore the zoyo, free of rank, was mandated. 例文帳に追加

しかしながら、雑徭はその補完でしかない（日本は戸を等級で分けて等級ごとに負担する労役を定める差科制を採らなかった為に等級に依らない雑徭が義務化された）としている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under such circumstances, it was almost impossible to maintain the management of temples/shrines only by the revenues obtained from Shuinchi/Kokuinchi and many of temples/shrines managed to sustain themselves relying on revenues obtained from the lands reclaimed by themselves or rice/money donated by the daimyo. 例文帳に追加

このため、朱印地・黒印地からの収益だけで寺社の経営が成り立った例はほとんどなく、多くは自ら開墾した土地、あるいは大名などから寄進された米や金銭で経営を維持していた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

After the students of acupuncture (limited to 30 people) finished a two year basic course and seven years of professional training (skill practice and technical book reading) under a Hari hakase, they took the final and commissioning exam held by their Hari Hakase and those who passed it started acupuncture treatment as acupuncturists. 例文帳に追加

針生（定員30名）は、針博士の下で基礎教養2年及び専門教育7年（実技及び専門書の講読）を受けた後、針博士による卒業・任官試験を受けて合格したものが針師として針治療の実務にあたる。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Such and such daisho' (general), 'such and such bugyo,' 'kumigashira' (captain), 'ban gashira' (head of a group) 'mono gashira' (military commander) ('such and such' is replaced by samurai, samurai, ashigaru, teppo, yari, yumi, and so on) refer to commanders of the sonae or the captains of various troops under the commanders. 例文帳に追加

「○○大将」「○○奉行」「組頭」「番頭」「物頭」（○○には士、侍、足軽、鉄砲、槍、弓等が入る）…備の指揮官やその指揮下にある各部隊の指揮官を指す。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Incidentally, in Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army headquarters sonae in Figure 1, the independent sonae of Saemon no jo SAKAI drawn at the center is omitted, and only the unit under the direct command of Ieyasu is shown. 例文帳に追加

因みに図1の徳川家康本陣備は中央に描かれていた単独の備である酒井左衛門尉備を除外し、家康直属部隊のみを示した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post). 例文帳に追加

太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Kokaho (price regulation law) is a law that stipulated the official prices and the conversion rates for goods at the market from ancient times to medieval periods under the Court, kokuga (provincial government offices) and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun). 例文帳に追加

估価法（こかほう・沽価法）とは、古代から中世にかけての日本において、朝廷・国衙・鎌倉幕府において、市場における公定価格及び物品の換算率を定めた法律。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Shugouke is a system during the Muromachi period in Japan under which Shugo (provincial constable) undertook to pay the land tax on shoen (Manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) (koryo (an Imperial demesne)) for the lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor). 例文帳に追加

守護請（しゅごうけ）は、日本の室町時代において、守護が荘園領主や知行国主から荘園・国衙領（公領）の年貢納入を請け負ったことを指す。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Suo province that was assigned to the task of reconstructing Daibutsu-den Hall (the great Buddha hall) of Todai-ji Temple was virtually a chigyo-koku province of Todai-ji Temple, and the province continued being under control of Todai-ji Temple even after the work to reconstruct Daibutsu-den Hall was completed. 例文帳に追加

大仏殿再建を名目として造営料国となった周防国も、実質的には東大寺の知行国であり、大仏殿再建後も東大寺の知行下にあり続けた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス