With Eとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 withe, from 古期英語 wiþþe (“band, tie”), from Proto-Germanic *wiþiz, *wiþjǭ (“cord, rope”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis (“that which twines”), from *weyt- (“that which winds or bends, branch, switch”), from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“to turn, wind, bend”).

The brickwork and chimney architecture senses may have a different etymology, see wythe.

発音

• enPR: wĭth, wĭth, wīth
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /wɪθ/, /wɪð/, /waɪð/
• • (General American) IPA: /wɪθ/, /wɪð/
• 韻: -ɪθ, -ɪð, -aɪð

名詞

withe (plural withes)

1. A flexible, slender shoot or twig, especially when used as a band or for binding; a withy.

   Synonym: (obsolete or dialectal) winding

   • 1810, Washington Irving, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow:

     It was most ingeniously secured at vacant hours, by a withe twisted in the handle of the door, and stakes set against the window-shutters; […]

2. A band of twisted twigs.
   • 1870, William Morris, “December: The Fostering of Aslaug”, in The Earthly Paradise: A Poem, part IV, London: F[rederick] S[tartridge] Ellis, […], →OCLC, page 57:

     They deemed it little scathe indeed / That her coarse homespun ragged weed / Fell off from her round arms and lithe / Laid on the door-post, that a withe / Of willows was her only belt; / And each as he gazed at her felt / As some gift had been given him.

3. An elastic handle to a tool to save the hand from the shock of blows.
4. (nautical) An iron attachment on one end of a mast or boom, with a ring, through which another mast or boom is rigged out and secured.
   • 1841, Richard Henry Dana, The Seaman's Friend:

     Some short topgallant masts are rigged with a withe on the after part of the mast-head, through which a sliding-gunter royal-mast is run up, with its heel resting in a step on the topmast cap.

5. (masonry) Alternative spelling of wythe (“single section of bricks one unit thick”).
   • 1937, American Architect and Architecture:

     […] single withe of brick laid flat in common bond reinforced vertically by 8" piers

   • 1973, Encyclopaedia Britannica:

     […] brick (single withe), one brick (two withes) or a brick-and-a-half thick. At the University of Virginia, Charlottesville , Thomas Jefferson demonstrated beautifully that a single withe of brick was adequate for […]

   • 1994, James T. Frane, Craftsman's Illustrated Dictionary of Construction Terms, Craftsman Book Company, →ISBN, page 162:

     […] single-withe construction using concrete masonry units with the voids on the ends […]

   • 1994, Comité euro-international du béton, Fastenings to Concrete and Masonry Structures: State of the Art Report, Thomas Telford, →ISBN:

     […] single-withe, or barrier, wall. Multiple-withe walls are also constructed, and can consist of composite brick-block walls or cavity walls.

   • 2001, Association for Preservation Technology, Bulletin - Association for Preservation Technology:

     […] single withe of fired brick or stone masonry, referred to in Turkish as […]

6. (architecture) Alternative spelling of wythe (“partition between flues in a chimney”).
   • 1920, National Board of Fire Underwriters. Committee on Construction of Buildings, An ordinance for construction of chimneys suitable for use in cities and towns of any size or as a state law, page 5:

     ... chimney space, and the joints of any two adjoining sets of flue linings shall be offset at least 7 inches. When there are more than two flues in a chimney, each third flue shall be separated from the others by a withe or division […]

   • 1922, Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning Guide, page 40:

     ... flue intended for a heating furnace or boiler connection, or for a fireplace, shall be separated from other flues by such a withe. In hollow tile chimneys the withe may be of tile.

   • 2002, L. O. Anderson, Wood - Frame House Construction, The Minerva Group, Inc., →ISBN, page 182:

     ... flues should be separated by a 4-inch-wide brick spacer (withe) between them (fig. 170, A). The greater the difference in temperature between chimney gases and outside atmosphere, the better the draft.

派生語

動詞

withe (third-person singular simple present withes, present participle withing, simple past and past participle withed)

1. (transitive) To bind with withes.
   • 1862, James Fenimore Cooper, The Deerslayer, page 341:

     As soon as the body of Deerslayer was withed in bark sufficiently to create a lively sense of helplessness, he was literally carried to a young tree, and bound against it, in a way that effectually prevented it from moving,

   • 1888, Virgil Chittenden Hart, Western China: a journey to the great Buddhist centre of Mount Omei, page 132:

     These frames are usually constructed of rough trees tightly withed and wedged together.

   • 1890, Edward Augustus Samuels, With fly-rod and camera, page 184:

     The strips are first laid on the back and two sides of the shanty, and are kept smooth and in proper position by poles laid across them and withed down to the frame.

   • 1913, Newton Horace Winchell with Minnesota Historical Society, The weathering of aboriginal stone artifacts, no. 1, page 121:

     If it were withed by the aborigine it would have formed an effective and dangerous weapon, either in the chase of the large beasts with which he was contemporary or in war against his human enemies.

2. (transitive) To beat with withes.
   • 1888 June 30, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia., “State v. Davis.”, in The Southeastern reporter, volume 7:

     Question. Did you hear of the circumstances of William Davis having been whipped on the 5th day of December, the day before the cutting took place? Answer Yes, sir; I did that evening, when he came home. Q. Did you examine where he had been withed? A. Yes, sir.

   • 1901, Oren Frederic Morton, Winning or losing?: a story of the West Virginia Hills:

     "He'll trim you up for tossing Suse that note," said Am Bayne to his own companion. / "Ye-es, and you'll get a withing, too," declared the other.

   • 1913, Richard Nye Price, Holston Methodism, volume 4, page 494:

     After I was on they commenced withing my horse to make him go faster, but I reined him up; ... They then commenced withing me around the shoulders, saying it would have a better effect than to whip the horse.

アナグラム

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