ge-とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, prefixed form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Direct cognate of Latin con-, co-, from cum (“with”) via Proto-Italic *kom-.

発音

• IPA: /je/
• 韻: -e

接頭辞

ġe-

1. used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection
2. forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-
3. forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"
4. forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs

使用する際の注意点

• This prefix was always unstressed, in both nouns and verbs.
• Although on paper this prefix has specific meanings, in practice it was used very inconsistently. On occasion, it may be fully optional and make no meaningful difference, and within that category, sometimes both the prefixed and unprefixed forms are common, and sometimes only one is common. Other times, two verbs have very distinct meanings with the only distinguisher being the prefix. Additionally, its precise definitions are rarely, but not never, clearly reflected in the definition. For example, and this list is far from exhaustive:
  • The verbs cweþan and ġecweþan feature no meaningful difference, and both forms are common.
  • The verbs cnāwan and ġecnāwan are the same in meaning between the prefixed and unprefixed forms, but in practice cnāwan is almost non-existent in the extant corpus. Similarly, sēon and ġesēon feature no meaningful differences, but sēon is almost completely unattested in the prose corpus (though it is noticeably more common in poetry).
  • The verbs hīeran and ġehīeran differ only in the prefix, and while both can technically have the same meanings, in practice, hīeran is mostly used to mean to obey, and ġehīeran is mostly used to mean to hear.
  • The verbs stincan and ġestincan differ significantly in meaning, with the former meaning to give off an odor (often a bad one, like the modern descendant stink) and the latter meaning to sense things using one's sense of smell, reflecting the third definition.
  • The noun ġeþēode invariably always has the prefix, with an unprefixed form unattested. Likewise, ġedwimor is almost invariably attested with the prefix, with the unprefixed form occurring exactly once with the same meaning. Notice also that most uses of the prefix thus far do not clearly reflect any of the above four definitions.
  • Some adjectives like ġeċealf and ġeēan, which mean "pregnant with a calf" and "pregnant with a lamb" respectively, reflect the second definition. The second definition can also be seen in the plurals of brōþor and sweostor — ġebrōþor and ġesweostor (and various alternative forms), respectively — though usage of the prefix is not consistent across dialects or eras.
  • The prefix was almost always found on past participles in prose, but in poetry it was occasionally left off, mainly for metrical reasons. Verbs with any prefix other than ġe- will not take the prefix in the past participle, except for un- (which precedes ġe-) and ed- (which follows it).

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: ge-, ȝe-, i-, y-
  • English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete or dialectal)
  • Yola: ee-

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *gawi, from Proto-Germanic *gawją, *gawjō, *gawô (“country, region, environment”).

発音

• IPA: /jeː/

接尾辞

-ġē

1. suffix used to denote a region or territory

   ǣlġē ― eel-country

2. suffix used in placenames meaning region of, or district of

   Sūþrīeġ, Sūþrīġe ― Surrey (literally, “Southerly District”)

派生した語

• -y, -ey found in some English placenames

名詞

ge (plural ges)

1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Г / г.

アナグラム

• EG, e.g., E&G, eg, e. g.

別の表記

• gī — Northumbrian

発音

• IPA: /jeː/
• 韻: -eː

代名詞

ġē (West Saxon, Anglian)

1. you (plural): nominative plural of þū

語形変化

派生した語

• Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
  • English: ye, yee
  • Middle Scots: ȝe
    • Scots: ye (archaic)
  • Yola: ye

語源 2

From Proto-Germanic *jahw, from *ja + *-hw.

発音

• IPA: /je/
• 韻: -e

接続詞

ġe

1. and; often doubled as ġe... ġe... ("both... and...")
   • 10th century, The Wife's Lament:

     Sċeal iċ feor ġe nēah mīnes felalēofan fǣhðu drēogan. Hēht mec mon wunian on wuda bearwe, under āctrēo in þām eorðsċræfe.

     I should far or near undergo foehood of my much-loved. The man bade me to live in wood grove, under an oak tree in the earthen-cave.

   • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies

     Gyf þonne ǣfre gebyreð þæt þū þē ful hālne and ful trumne ongytst, and hæafst æalle þīne frēond myd þē, ǣġðer ge on mōde ge on līchaman, and on ðām ilcan worce and on ðām ylcan willum ðe ðē best lyst dōn, hweðer þū ðonne wille bēon āwiht blīðe?

     If then it ever happen that thou shalt find thyself full whole and full strong, and hast all thy friends with thee, both in mind and in body, and in that same work and in that same will which pleaseth thee best to do, wilt thou then be happy at all?

派生した語

• Middle English: gea, ȝe, ȝa, ȝi, ye

代名詞

ge

1. alternative form of ye (“you”)

語源 2

代名詞

ge

1. alternative form of heo (“she”)

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈɡeː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈd͡ʒɛː]

名詞

gē n or f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letter G.

等位語

• (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

参照

• “ge”, in The Perseus Project (1999), Perseus Encyclopedia‎
• “ge”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."