Following the long-term increase in wage levels, the real wage level per hour in Japan has turned into a decline trend since 1997 affected by growing downward pressure on wage costs amid the intensifying corporate competition under the deflationary economy (Figure 18).例文帳に追加

我が国の時間当たり実質賃金水準の推移をみると、長期的な上昇を続けた後、1997年以降は、デフレ下の企業間競争激化等の中で賃金コスト抑制の動きが強まっていることなどを背景として、下落傾向となっている（第18図）。 - 厚生労働省

This is presumably caused by the following factors: An increase in the share of part-time employees with relatively low wage rates; and increasing wage differences between full-time employees and part-time employees (Figure 19).例文帳に追加

れは、相対的に賃金の低いパートタイム労働者の割合が高まったことと、一般労働者とパートタイム労働者の賃金格差が拡大傾向にあることによるものと考えることができる（第19図）。 - 厚生労働省

In 2010, strike to demand wage increase and treatment improvement occurred in various places in China especially at factories of foreign companies in the coastal areas.例文帳に追加

2010年は、沿海部の外資系企業工場を中心に、賃上げや待遇改善を求めるストライキが中国各地で発生した。 - 経済産業省

(The labour-management negotiations in the springtime of 2012 reflected the still severeemployment situation)Looking at the results of the labour-management negotiations in the springtime of 2012 according to Figure 11,the agreed amount was 5,400 yen, the wage increase rate was 1 .78% (5,555 yen and 1 .83% in the same period lastyear), reflecting the still severe employment situation .例文帳に追加

（依然として厳しい雇用情勢を反映した2012年の春季労使交渉） - 厚生労働省

Further, the creation of high-value added manufacturing has caused a wage increase in the major industries including machinery manufacturing, transport equipment, and electronic devices.例文帳に追加

更に、製造業の高付加価値化により主要産業と言われる機械製造、輸送機器、電子機器での賃金が上昇している。 - 経済産業省

The widening variation in income levels between households caused by factors such as the expanding wage distribution of employed persons and increase in non-employed elderly households differs in nature from the wage gap between SMEs and large enterprises observed in the late 1950s to early 1960s.例文帳に追加

以上のような、雇用者の賃金分散の拡大や高齢の無業者世帯の増加等を背景とした世帯別の所得水準のばらつきの拡大に見られる状況は、かつて昭和30年代に議論された、中小企業と大企業の賃金格差とは、異なった性質のものである。 - 経済産業省

In the labour-management negotiations of the springtime in 2012, in the severe environment including the GreatEast Japan Earthquake and historic rise in the value of yen, many companies maintained the amount correspondingto periodic wage increase (wage curve); the bonuses decreased compared to the last year, reflecting businessperformance of each industry and company .例文帳に追加

2012年の春季労使交渉は、東日本大震災や歴史的な円高など厳しい環境下で、多くの企業において定期昇給相当分（賃金カーブ）は維持、一時金は各産業・企業の業績を反映した内容として前年比減となった。 - 厚生労働省

Although the increase in the selfemployed has not been as great as the increase in the labor force population or wage and salary workers, it is at least clear that there has been no substantial downward trend similar to that observed in the case of self-employed proprietors in Japan.例文帳に追加

自己雇用者の増加は労働力人口や給与労働者の増加に及ばないものの、少なくとも日本の自営業主で見られるような大幅な減少傾向でないことは明白である。 - 経済産業省

Under Figure 24, the real wage increase rate, which hypothetically assumes that the labour share ratio remains the same, is broken down into the factor for change in labour productivity and the income outflow effect; due to the income outflow effect associated with trade loss, the increase of labour productivity is reduced, which resulted in the decreased real wage increase rate when it is hypothetically assumed that the labour share ratio remains the same .例文帳に追加

第24図は労働分配率が一定とした時の実質賃金上昇率を、労働生産性の変化要因と所得流出効果に要因分解したものであるが、交易損失の発生に伴う所得流出効果により労働生産性の上昇が減殺され、労使の間で分配率が一定と仮定した時の実質賃金上昇率は目減りしている 。 - 厚生労働省

167 It is believed that, in the course of industrialization, absorption of the labor surplus in the agriculture sector into the industrial sector causes the exhaustion of the labor surplus in an agriculture sector and the tight supply and demand situation in the labor market to result in wage increase.例文帳に追加

167 工業化の過程で、農業部門の余剰労働力が工業部門に移動して、農業部門の余剰労働力が枯渇すると、労働需給がひっ迫して賃金上昇が生じるとされる。 - 経済産業省

As the rise of the yuan also leads to an increase in the wage costs of Chinese workers in yen terms, revaluation can potentially have a major impact on enterprises that have established operations in China as a means of reducing costs, depending on the scale of the revaluation.発音を聞く 例文帳に追加

また、元の上昇は中国人労働者の円換算の賃金コスト上昇につながるため、切り上げ幅によってはコスト削減を目的とした進出では大きな影響が出る可能性がある。 - 経済産業省

The relationship between the flexibility of labor markets in various countries (measured by the level of wage elasticity) and the rate of increase in labor productivity shows a trend of increasing productivity in countries with flexible labor markets.例文帳に追加

次に、各国の労働市場の柔軟性（賃金の伸縮性の高さで表したもの）と、労働生産性上昇率との関係を見ると、傾向としては、労働市場が柔軟な国ほど、労働生産性も上昇していることが分かる。 - 経済産業省

Looking at the transition of full-time workers' scheduled wages in the 2000s by industry according to the "BasicSurvey on Wage Structure" (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare), the scheduled wages tend to increase in theindustries including finance, insurance and information and communications whose fixed wages are higher thanthose of all industries, but tend to decrease in many other industries including wholesale and retail, restaurants,services, transportation, and postal services .例文帳に追加

実数値で1997年と2012年を比較してみても、所定内給与は横ばいであり、特別給与の減少が大きくなっている。 - 厚生労働省

In addition, here, we are going to analyze only the number of employment, and will not treat change in the form of employment such as decline of per capita wage level and increase of irregular employment.例文帳に追加

なお、ここでは雇用人数のみを分析対象とし、一人当たりの賃金の減少、非正規雇用の増加といった雇用形態の変化は扱わない。 - 経済産業省

In order to promote smooth and earlier actions taken by small and medium sized enterprises and small-scale business operators toward the increase of minimum wage in each area, we will enhance support by expanding areas eligible for the subsidy.例文帳に追加

地域別最低賃金の引上げに向けて、中小企業・小規模事業者の賃金引上げの円滑な取組を早期に進めるため、助成金対象地域を拡大して、中小企業・小規模事業者の支援を拡充する - 厚生労働省

Furthermore, its export competitiveness, which had been weakened due to soaring labor costs resulting from the increased inflationary pressure associated with the increase in real estate prices, has been recovering since 2009 through implementation of policies such as wage cutting, which have been successful.例文帳に追加

さらに不動産価格の上昇に伴うインフレ圧力の高まりにより人件費が高騰したことで失われていた輸出競争力が、2009年以降、賃金削減などが奏功し回復傾向にある。 - 経済産業省

From the beginning of this century, companies engaged in business sectors with low productivity have tended to cut wages per worker and to increase workers receiving a lower wage, such as temporary workers. Quite a few companies fell into vicious cycles, wherein insufficient human capital investment cools down productivity of such companies and thereby such companies are compelled to cut wages further.例文帳に追加

人的投資が不十分なため、企業の生産性が停滞し、そのため、更に賃金を引き下げる、という悪循環に陥った企業も少なくない。 - 経済産業省

As described earlier, underdeveloped infrastructure has led to price hikes of farm products in urban areas, which has raised the average wage of workers there. Thus, development of infrastructure is important for lowering the average wage and promoting rural areas (easing the transportation of products to the city zone will increase product sales).例文帳に追加

さらに、前述の通り、アフリカでは、インフラの未整備が都市部における農産品の価格高騰を通じて、都市部の雇用者の平均賃金を高くしており、インフラ整備は都市部の雇用者の平均賃金の低下、農産品の都市部への輸送の容易化による農産品の販売拡大などの農村部振興にも重要であると言える。 - 経済産業省

For example, action plans included to increase the per-capita real income of rural residents with a low growth rate of no less than 7% (beyond the economic growth target) in the same level as that of urban residents, and to increase the minimum wage standard on a nominal basis by no less than 13% on average each year.例文帳に追加

例えば、上昇率で劣っていた農村部の一人当たり実質所得を、都市部と同等に、経済成長目標（7%）以上拡大することや最低賃金を名目で年平均13%以上拡大すること等が目標とされた。 - 経済産業省

Among the programs, as mentioned earlier the enhancement of the wage compensation policy for employees with reduced working hours successfully contained the increase in unemployment, and the unemployment rate in Germany has been level since the summer of 2009. (See previous figure: The trend in the unemployment rate in the major Eurozone countries)例文帳に追加

中でも、操業短縮に伴う労働者への賃金補填制度（操短制度）の拡充政策は、前述の通り失業率の上昇を抑え、ドイツの失業率は2009 年夏以降、ほぼ横ばいに推移している（前掲図表：ユーロ圏主要国の失業率の推移）。 - 経済産業省

On the income, both the disposable income per capita in urban areas and the net income per capita in rural areas were increased, but the growth rate of the income in rural areas exceeded that of the urban areas due to large increase of wage income and net income of agriculture for the first time after 1997.例文帳に追加

所得に関しては、都市部の一人当たり可処分所得と農村部の一人当たり純収入が共に増加したが、農村の所得の伸び率が、賃金性収入と農業純収入の大幅増により、1997年以降、初めて都市部を上回った。 - 経済産業省

The Thai government announced the reduction of corporate tax for two years in order to alleviate the negative effect of the increase in wage; however, some view that the direct effect is limited since foreign corporations have already received preferential measures such as exemption of corporate tax for a certain period of time [Nishihama (2012)].例文帳に追加

なお、タイ政府は賃金上昇による悪影響を緩和する目的もあり、2 年間の法人税引き下げ措置を発表しているが、外資系企業は一定期間にわたり法人税免除などの優遇措置を既に受けているため、直接的な効果は限定的であるとの見方（西濱（2012））も出ている。 - 経済産業省

In such situation, many companies maintained the wage curves and the business performance in each industryand company is reflected to the bonuses; some companies whose business performance was improving agreed to abase-up of wages and a bonus increase .例文帳に追加

こうした中で、賃金については、多くの企業で賃金カーブを維持する内容となり、一時金については、各産業・企業における業績を反映した内容となったが、業績が改善している企業ではベースアップや一時金の増もみられた。 - 厚生労働省

Reforms in employment management systems have been implemented to improve the wage/treatment system, the hours worked system, and the ability development program: specifically, to reduce the incidence of seniority-based components and to increase that of ability and performance-based components and to encourage employee initiatives.例文帳に追加

このような中で、年功的要素を縮小し、能力や成果を重視るよう、また、労働者の主体性を発揮できるよう、賃金・処遇制度や労働時間制度、能開発制度などの雇用管理制度を変更する方向で改革が行われている。 - 厚生労働省

One challenge toward increase of workers' wage income is the increase of labour productivity; as shown in Figure 23, when the factors for labour productivity change are broken down into the change in capital-labour ratio per worker, change in TFP (total factors productivity), and change in labour allocation, we can see that the TFP change ratio and capital-labour ratio consistently contributed at a considerable level, but the contribution by the industrial composition of workers was negative in the 2000s .例文帳に追加

勤労者の賃金収入の増加のために、労働生産性の上昇が課題となるが、労働生産性変化を第23図のとおり労働者1 人当たり資本装備率の変化、TFP（全要素生産性）の変化、労働力配分の変化に要因分解すると、TFP変化率、資本装備率は一貫して大きく寄与してきたが、労働者の産業構成については2000年代はマイナスの寄与となっている 。 - 厚生労働省

Regarding the wage differential between SMEs and large enterprises, the situation is currently changing considerably due to a combination of factors. These include the substantial increase in absolute income levels in conjunction with the high growth of the Japanese economy, the considerable decline in the wage differential with large enterprises as a result of the tight market for new employed persons during the highgrowth period in particular, the fact that differences in enterprise size are only one of many causes of the disparity in wages, and the medium and long-term upward trend in the dispersion of disparity among enterprises of the same size.23)例文帳に追加

また、中小企業と大企業との賃金格差についても、我が国経済の高度成長に伴い、絶対的な所得水準自体が大きく向上してきたこと、特に高度成長期には、新規就業者等の需給が逼迫し、こうした状況に中小企業も賃金値上げで対応した結果、大企業との賃金格差がかなり縮小したこと、企業規模の違いは賃金等の格差の諸要因の一つに過ぎないこと、同程度の企業規模内部での格差の分散が中長期的に増加する傾向にあること等から、現在では、格差を巡る状況は大きく変化している23。 - 経済産業省

The consequent increase in young permanent employees at SMEs may be as a result of increase the ability and motivation of junior employees to enter business on their own account owing to the extensive development of human resources with experience of business management as a whole at SMEs and the reduced importance of the age element in the wage structure of SMEs.例文帳に追加

また、これにより中小企業の若年正社員が増加することは、中小企業で事業経営全体についての経験を積ませる人材育成が多いこと、中小企業の賃金制度に年功の要素が低いことから、結果として若手従業員の独立開業への能力と意欲を高める可能性があると考えられる。 - 経済産業省

In emerging countries, the wage costs have been rising; however, at the same time, their market demand is expected to increase, and to the question “one reason behind current overseas business activities of Japanese companies,” the top answer was “the demand for local products are strong and/or demand is expected to increase in the future,” which far exceeded the answer, “able to secure high-quality and cheap labor.”例文帳に追加

新興国では賃金コストが上昇しているが、他方で市場としても需要の拡大が期待されており、現在、我が国企業の海外事業活動の背景としては「現地の製品需要が旺盛又は今後の需要が見込まれる」が「良質で安価な労働力が確保できる」を大きく上回り一位になっている。 - 経済産業省

On the other hand, Fig. 3-3-13 describes the reasons why employees working in SMEs view a wage system with an emphasis on performance as preferable, and a large ratio of employees replied “because performance-linked compensation raises the motivation among employees.” As observed in Fig. 3-3-8 earlier, companies also regard the increase in employee motivation as the advantage of the performance-based wage system, showing a correspondence between the views of companies and employees on this point.例文帳に追加

一方、第3-3-13図は中小企業に勤める従業員が成果給を重視した賃金体系が良いと考える理由を示したものであるが、「成果に応じた報酬が従業員の意欲を高めるため」と回答した従業員の割合が高く、先に示した第3-3-8図で見たように、企業側も成果給のメリットを従業員の意欲を高めることと考えており、この点で企業側と従業員側で認識が一致している。 - 経済産業省

(Wage Trends)During 2004, non-scheduled cash earnings increased by 4.8% over the previous year, the secondconsecutive annual increase and a faster rise than the year before, due to an increase in non-scheduledwork hours.例文帳に追加

（賃金の動向）2004年の賃金は、所定外労働時間の増加等を反映して所定外給与が前年比4.8％増と２年連続の増加となり、増加幅も拡大した一方で、所定内給与は同0.7％減、特別給与は同1.8％減と減少傾向が続いており、現金給与総額は前年比0.7％減と、４年連続の減少となった。 - 厚生労働省

Besides, the number of pharmaceutical companies which include an invention reward system in the wage system to increase the researcher’s incentive to new drug creation has been increasing since before, but the revised Patent Law was put into effect in 2005, and it has become a principle to decide the reward to employee's invention through negotiation between the employer and the employee.例文帳に追加

そのほか、従来より、研究者の新薬開発に対するインセンティブを高めるため、賃金体系に発明報酬制度を導入する等の製薬企業も増えてきていたが、2005 年に改正特許法が施行され、職務発明制度について、職務発明に対する対価は使用者等と従業者等の間の自主的な取決めに委ねることが原則となった。 - 厚生労働省

Labour market reforms to increase employment and increase labour force participation, such as: retraining long-term unemployed (US); skills development (Spain); increasing wage flexibility, such as decentralizing wage setting (Italy); reducing labour tax wedges (Brazil, Italy); reforms to employment insurance to make it more effective and efficient in supporting job creation (Canada); enhancing education, training and skills development (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, South Africa); encouraging the participation of females in the labour force by, for example, reforming benefit systems and providing affordable child care services (Australia, Germany, Japan, Korea); improving employment opportunities for targeted groups such as youth and persons with disabilities (Canada, Korea, UK); encouraging the participation of younger workers through apprenticeships (UK); and, encouraging formal sector employment through better education or skill development (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa).発音を聞く 例文帳に追加

雇用と労働参加を増加させるための以下のような労働市場改革：長期失業者の再訓練（米国），職能訓練（スペイン），賃金設定の分権化等の賃金の柔軟性向上（イタリア），労働税の楔の縮減（ブラジル，イタリア），雇用創出を支えるために雇用保険をより効果的かつ効率的なものとする改革（カナダ），教育，訓練，職能開発の拡大（オーストラリア，カナダ，フランス，ドイツ，イタリア，トルコ，南アフリカ），給付制度の改革や手頃な育児サービスの提供等による女性の労働参加の促進（オーストラリア，ドイツ，日本，韓国），若者や障害者等，特定の層における雇用機会の向上（カナダ，韓国，英国），修習生制度による若年労働者の参加の奨励（英国），より良い教育もしくは職能開発によるフォーマルセクターでの雇用促進（ブラジル，インドネシア，メキシコ，南アフリカ）。 - 財務省

The points made by the feature have much in common with subsequent debate in Japan, arguing that(1) the offshore shift of the production bases of the manufacturing industry would leave in the United States only “hollow corporations” with no domestic production facilities and (2) because the rate of increase in productivity and the wage levels of the service industry were lower than the manufacturing industry, an ongoing shift from manufacturing to services would cause the US to lose its competitiveness.例文帳に追加

この中で取り上げられている論点には、①製造業の生産拠点の海外移転により、米国には（国内に）生産基盤を持たない「空洞化した企業（hollow corporations）」しか残らないのではないか、②サービス産業は製造業よりも概して生産性上昇率や賃金水準が低いため、このまま製造業からサービス産業へのシフトが続けば米国の競争力が失われるのではないか等、後に我が国で論じられたものと共通するものが見られる。 - 経済産業省

(Future direction) Many companies believe that a "Human resource development system to enhance abilities and qualities" and a "Personnel system and personnel treatment which generate motivation of employees" should be strengthened in order to further improve their competitiveness; as for the matters related to employment management, they believe that "Promotion or wage increase which matches with the evaluation of abilities, and "Establishment of stable employment environment (where employees can have a sense of security without anxiety in jobs)" are important for maximizing the employees' abilities . performance, etc .例文帳に追加

（今後の方向性）今後、企業が自社の競争力をさらに高めるために強化すべきものとして、「人材の能力・資質を高める育成体系」や「従業員の意欲を引き出す人事・処遇制度」が多くあげられるとともに、従業員の能力を最大限発揮させるために重要と考える雇用管理事項として、「能力・成果等の評価に見合った昇格・昇進や賃金アップ」、「安定した（安心して働ける）雇用環境の整備」などがあげられている。 - 厚生労働省