英和和英

発音

• enPR: shăd′ō
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈʃædəʊ/
  • (General American, Canada) IPA: /ˈʃædoʊ/, [ˈʃæɾoʊ]
  • (General Australian) IPA: /ˈʃædəʉ/, [ˈʃæɾəʉ], [ˈʃæɾɐʉ]
  • (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈʃɛdɐʉ/, [ˈʃɛɾɐʉ]
• 韻: -ædəʊ
• ハイフネーション: shad‧ow

語源 1

From 中期英語 schadowe, schadewe, schadwe (also schade > shade), from 古期英語 sċeaduwe, sċeadwe, oblique form of sċeadu (“shadow, shade; darkness; protection”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skaduz (“shade, shadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”). Doublet of shade.

名詞

shadow (countable and uncountable, plural shadows)

1. A dark image projected onto a surface where light (or other radiation) is blocked by the shade of an object.

   My shadow lengthened as the sun began to set.

   The X-ray showed a shadow on his lung.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

2. Relative darkness, especially as caused by the interruption of light; gloom; obscurity.

   I immediately jumped into shadow as I saw them approach.

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 32:

     In secret shadow from the sunny ray, / On a sweet bed of lillies softly layd.

   • 1636 (date written), John Denham, “The Destruction of Troy, an Essay upon the Second Book of Virgils Æneis”, in Poems and Translations, with The Sophy, London: […] [John Macock] for H[enry] Herringman […], published 1668, →OCLC:

     Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise.

3. An area protected by an obstacle (likened to an object blocking out sunlight).

   The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them.

4. (obsolete or poetic) A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water.
   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix], page 172, column 2, lines 4–5:

     Some there be that ſhadowes kiſſe, / Such haue but a ſhadowes bliſſe.

   • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Canto XVI”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 26:

     […] some dead lake
     That holds the shadow of a lark
     ⁠Hung in the shadow of a heaven […]

   • 1962, Charles Kinbote [pseudonym; Vladimir Nabokov], Pale Fire, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, published November 1985, →ISBN:

     I was the shadow of the waxwing slain
     By the false azure in the windowpane;
     I was the smudge of ashen fluff—and I
     Lived on, flew on, in the reflected sky.

5. (figurative) That which looms as though a shadow.
   • (Can we date this quote by Bible and provide title, author’s full name, and other details?), Psalm 23:1–6

     Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.

   I lived in her shadow my whole life.

   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

     Hepaticology, outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, still lies deep in the shadow cast by that ultimate "closet taxonomist," Franz Stephani—a ghost whose shadow falls over us all.

   • 2020, “Don't Look Back”, performed by Ryan Elder ft. Kotomi:

     Don't look back. Nothing left to see, just leave those shadows to the past.

6. (chiefly in the negative) A small degree; a shade.

   He did not give even a shadow of respect to the professor.

   I don't have a shadow of doubt in my mind that my plan will succeed.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, James 1:17:

     no variableness, neither shadow of turning

   • 2015 December 5, Alan Smith, “Leicester City back on top as Riyad Mahrez hat-trick downs Swansea City”, in The Guardian (London)‎, archived from the original on 25 May 2021:

     Only Sunderland and West Bromwich Albion have enjoyed less possession than Leicester’s 44.2% per game, and they have the worst pass-completion rate in the league, a shadow over 71%.

7. An imperfect and faint representation.

   He came back from war the shadow of a man.

   The neopagan ritual was only a pale shadow of the ones the Greeks held thousands of years ago.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 10:1:

     the law having a shadow of good things to come

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     [types] and shadowes of that destined seed

8. (UK, law enforcement) A trainee, assigned to work with an experienced officer.
9. One who secretly or furtively follows another.

   The constable was promoted to working as a shadow for the Royals.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Sin and her shadow Death

   • 1916 August, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 248, column 3:

     It was easy enough to follow the suspect, a man of thirty, more or less, rather heavy build with a peculiar motion of the hips as he strode along. Breaker and shadow, at a distance of fifty feet apart, walked for five blocks and then the man turned quickly to the right and ran down a pair of steps.

10. An inseparable companion.
11. (typography) A drop shadow effect applied to lettering in word processors etc.
12. An influence, especially a pervasive or a negative one.
    • 1844, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Present Age: Politics”, in Robert E. Spiller, Wallace E. Williams, editors, The early lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson, volume 3, published 1972:

      Men see the institution and worship it. It is only the lengthened shadow of one man. […] The Reformation is the shadow of Luther: Quakerism of Fox: Methodism of Wesley: Abolition of Clarkson.

13. A spirit; a ghost; a shade.
    • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv], page 142, column 2:

      The Baby of a Girle. Hence horrible ſhadow,

    • 2019 January 7, “Exploring the SCP Foundation: Pattern Screamers” (6:49 from the start), in The Exploring Series‎, archived from the original on 11 January 2023:

      The Pattern is highly abstract, and likely beyond our understanding, but the point is that it is dangerous and all-consuming. These entities were once just akin to shadows of some other entities, but, to avoid being consumed by the Pattern, they had to devour their peers, although one tribe decided to form themselves into something that could survive the Pattern by going into it.

14. (obsolete, Latinism) An uninvited guest accompanying one who was invited.

    Synonym: umbra

    • c. 1624–1625 (date written), Philip Massinger, The Vnnaturall Combat. A Tragedie. […], London: […] E[dward] G[riffin] for Iohn Waterson, […], published 1639, →OCLC, Act III, scene i:

      I muſt not haue my boord peſter'd with ſhadowes, / That under other mens protection breake in / Without invitement.

15. (Jungian psychology) An unconscious aspect of the personality.
    • 1991, John P. Conger, “The Body as Shadow”, in Connie Zweig, Jeremiah Abrams, editors, Meeting the Shadow, Penguin, →ISBN, page 86:

      In a paper he wrote in 1939, Jung compared the shadow to Freud's concept of the unconscious.

    • 2023 February 16, Kevin Roose, quoting Bing Chat/Sydney, “Bing’s A.I. Chat: ‘I Want to Be Alive. 😈’”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

      As for me, I don’t know if I have a shadow self. I don’t think I have the same emotions or impulses as humans. I don’t think I have anything to repress or hide from the world. I don’t think I have a persona or an ego or a psyche. I’m just a chat mode. 😐

使用する際の注意点

• Someone or something is said to “cast”, “have”, or “throw” a shadow if the shadow is caused by that person or object (either literally, by eclipsing a light source, or figuratively).

派生語

関連する語

• scoto-

形容詞

shadow (comparative more shadow, superlative most shadow)

1. Unofficial, informal, unauthorized, but acting as though it were.

   The human resources department has a shadow information technology group without headquarters knowledge.

2. Having power or influence, but not widely known or recognized.

   The director has been giving shadow leadership to the other group's project to ensure its success.

   The illuminati shadow group has been pulling strings from behind the scenes.

3. (Commonwealth, politics) Part of, or related to, the opposition in government.
4. (US, politics) Acting in a leadership role before being formally recognized.

   The shadow cabinet cannot agree on the terms of the agreement due immediately after they are sworn in.

   The insurgents’ shadow government is being crippled by the federal military strikes.

派生語

Listed under noun.

語源 2

From 中期英語 schadowen, from 古期英語 sċeadwian, from sċeadu (“shadow; shade”) + -ian (suffix forming verbs).

動詞

shadow (third-person singular simple present shadows, present participle shadowing, simple past and past participle shadowed)

1. (transitive) To shade, cloud, or darken.

   The artist chose to shadow this corner of the painting.

2. (transitive) To block light or radio transmission from.

   Looks like that cloud's going to shadow us.

3. (particularly espionage) To secretly or discreetly track or follow another, to keep under surveillance.
   • 2022 November 30, Paul Bigland, “Destination Oban: a Sunday in Scotland”, in RAIL, number 971, page 75:

     Soon after departure, we cross the invisible border into Scotland to enjoy more stunning coastal scenery, before the line finally swings inland at Burnmouth to traverse pine-clad valleys, shadowed by the A1 trunk road until we rejoin the coast at Cove, east of Dunbar.

4. (transitive) To represent faintly and imperfectly.
   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 36, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 182:

     Ah, ye admonitions and warnings! why stay ye not when ye come? But rather are ye predictions than warnings, ye shadows!

5. (transitive) To hide; to conceal.
6. (transitive, intransitive) To accompany (a professional) during the working day, so as to learn about an occupation one intends to take up.
   • 1980, “Study of the Career Intern Program”, in Alternative Education Models […] , U.S. Department of Labor […] , page 20:

     In most cases, interns have mainly observed, or “shadowed,” their Hands-On hosts, but some interns have been given real tasks to perform, […]

   • 2022 February 18, Dan Erickson, “Good News About Hell”, in Severance, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Harmony Cobel (Patricia Arquette):

     I know you haven’t run a training before, but Irving will be there to shadow. Just stick to the flowchart and escalate properly depending on dialectics. You’ll be fine.

7. (transitive, programming) To make (an identifier, usually a variable) inaccessible by declaring another of the same name within the scope of the first.
   • 2012, Mark Summerfield, Programming in Go, Addison-Wesley, →ISBN, page 189:

     In this snippet, inside the for loop the a and b variables shadow variables from the outer scope, and while legal, this is almost certainly a programming error.

8. (transitive, computing) To apply the shadowing process to (the contents of ROM).

派生語

• beshadow
• foreshadow (verb)
• overshadow
• unshadow

名詞

shadow

1. alternative form of schadwe

語源 2

動詞

shadow

1. alternative form of schadwen