英和和英

別の表記

• shal (obsolete)

語源

From 中期英語 schal (infinitive schulen), from 古期英語 sċeal (infinitive sċulan (“should, must”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skal (infinitive *skulaną), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”).

Cognate with Scots sall, sal (“shall”), North Frisian skal, schal, Saterland Frisian skäl, schäl, schal (infinitive skälle, schälle), West Frisian sil (infinitive sille (“shall”)), Dutch zal (infinitive zullen (“shall”)), Afrikaans sal, Low German schall (infinitive schölen (“shall”)), German soll (infinitive sollen (“ought to”)), Danish skal (infinitive skulle (“shall”)), Icelandic skal (infinitive skulu (“shall”)), Swedish skall (“shall”) (infinitive skola).

発音

• (strong form, Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada, Australia) IPA: /ʃæl/
• (strong form, Standard Southern British, Northern England, Scotland, Wales) IPA: /ʃal/
• (strong form, New Zealand) IPA: /ʃɛl/
• (weak form) IPA: /ʃəl/
• (weak form, pre-consonantal only) IPA: /ʃ(ə)/
• (Early Modern) IPA: /ʃaʊ̯l/
• 韻: -æl
• Homophone: shell (strong form, salary–celery merger)

動詞

shall (third-person singular simple present shall, no present participle, simple past should, no past participle) (modal, auxiliary, defective)

1. Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural.

   I shall sing in the choir tomorrow.

   I hope that we shall win the game.

   • 1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:

     "Then, having used up the powers of the Golden Cap, I shall give it to the King of the Monkeys, that he and his band may thereafter be free for evermore."

   • 1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 20(3)”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918‎, page 1:

     A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.

2. Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural.

   (determination): You shall go to the ball!; He shall be given a fair trial.

   (obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity.

   (obligation): The renter shall be responsible for maintenance of the vehicle.

   Things haven't turned out as I intended they should, but I still intend that you shall take over the business.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 21:25, column 1:

     And the gates of it ſhall not bee ſhut at all by day: foꝛ there ſhall bee no night there.

   • 1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 1”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918‎, page 1:

     A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.

3. Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action.

   What shall I do? Shall I give you a hand?

   Shall we go out later?

   I'll hold that for you, shall I?

   Let us examine that, shall we? - Yeah let's.

   Shall we see you before you set out?

4. (obsolete) To owe.

   I thee shall a hundred golden coins; th'amount thou shalt the Queen is much higher.

   He should þe Princess his Life, for she had deliver'd him from þe Poison deadly.

使用する際の注意点

• Shall is about one-fourth as common as will in North America compared to in the United Kingdom. Lack of exposure leads many in North America to consider it formal or even pompous or archaic, best reserved for court decisions and legal contracts. North Americans mainly use it in senses two and three.
• In law, shall is typically used to impose obligation, though the word can also convey discretionary power or recommendation. Due to its ambiguity, some jurisdictions refrain from using the term in law drafting and official writing.
• In the past, will and shall were interchangeable and synonymous, used similarly as auxiliary verbs for the future tense but separate persons. The simple future tense traditionally used shall for the first person ("I" and "we"), and will for the second and third persons. This distinction existed largely in formal language and gradually disappeared in Early Modern English.

  I shall go.

  You will go.

  • An emphatic future tense, indicating volition of the speaker—determination, promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context—, reverses the two words, using will for the first person and shall for the second and third person.

    I will go.

    You shall go.

  • Usage can be reversed in questions and in dependent clauses—especially with indirect discourse. For example: Shall you do it? anticipates the response I shall do it. Or: he says that he shall win or he expects that he shall win anticipate his saying I shall win, not I will win.
• The second-person singular form (used with thou) is irregular, shalt. Shallest, shalst are rare, often hypercorrect.
• The past tense form should can be used in reported speech, e.g., I hoped that I should find you here. This use of should may not be readily apparent to speakers who do not often use shall.

派生語

派生した語

• Sranan Tongo: sa

参考

• must
• ought
• should
• will
• Appendix:English modal verbs
• Appendix:English tag questions

参照

• “shall”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “shall”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

アナグラム

• Halls, halls